Review of services (AsyncGenerator, Fatal=True)

Use push_error in services

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -5,98 +5,52 @@ All notable changes to **Pipecat** will be documented in this file.
 The format is based on [Keep a Changelog](https://keepachangelog.com/en/1.0.0/),
 and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0.html).
 
-## [Unreleased]
+## [0.0.95] - 2025-11-18
 
 ### Added
 
+- Added ai-coustics integrated VAD (`AICVADAnalyzer`) with `AICFilter` factory and
+  example wiring; leverages the enhancement model for robust detection with no
+  ONNX dependency or added processing complexity.
+
+- Added a watchdog to `DeepgramFluxSTTService` to prevent dangling tasks in case the
+  user was speaking and we stop receiving audio.
+
+- Introduced a minimum confidence parameter in `DeepgramFluxSTTService` to avoid
+  generating transcriptions below a defined threshold.
+
 - Added `ElevenLabsRealtimeSTTService` which implements the Realtime STT
   service from ElevenLabs.
 
-- Added a `TTSService.includes_inter_frame_spaces` property getter, so that TTS
+- Added word-level timestamps support to Hume TTS service
-  services that subclass `TTSService` can indicate whether the text in the
-  `TTSTextFrame`s they push already contain any necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-- Introduced new `AggregatedTextFrame` type to support representing a best effort of
-  the perceived llm output whether or not it is processed by the TTS. This new frame
-  type includes the field `aggregated_by` to represent the conceptual format by which
-  the given text is aggregated. `TTSTextFrame`s now inherit from `AggregatedTextFrame`.
-  With this inheritance, an observer can watch for `AggregatedTextFrame`s to accumlate
-  the perceived output and determine whether or not the text was spoken based on if that
-  frame is also a `TTSTextFrame`. (See bullet below on new `bot-output` which takes
-  advantage of this)
-
-- Introduced `LLMTextProcessor`: A new processor meant to allow customization for how
-  LLMTextFrames should be aggregated and considered. It's purpose is to turn
-  `LLMTextFrame`s into `AggregatedTextFrame`s. By default, a TTSService will still
-  aggregate `LLMTextFrame`s by sentence for the service to consume. However, if you
-  wish to override how the llm text is aggregated, you should no longer override the
-  TTS's internal aggregator, but instead, insert this processor between your LLM and
-  TTS in the pipeline.
-
-- New `bot-output` RTVI message to represent what the bot actually "says".
-  - The `RTVIObserver` now emits `bot-output` messages based off the new `AggregatedTextFrame`s
-    (`bot-tts-text` and `bot-llm-text` are still supported and generated, but `bot-transcript` is
-    now deprecated in lieu of this new, more thorough, message).
-  - The new `RTVIBotOutputMessage` includes the fields:
-    - `spoken`: A boolean indicating whether the text was spoken by TTS
-    - `aggregated_by`: A string representing how the text was aggregated ("sentence", "word",
-      "my custom aggregation")
-  - Introduced new fields to `RTVIObserver` to support the new `bot-output` messaging:
-    - `bot_output_enabled`: Defaults to True. Set to false to disable bot-output messages.
-    - `skip_aggregator_types`: Defaults to `None`. Set to a list of strings that match
-        aggregation types that should not be included in bot-output messages. (Ex. `credit_card`)
-  - Introduced new methods, `add_text_transformer()` and `remove_text_transformer()`, to `RTVIObserver` to support providing (and subsequently removing)
-    callbacks for various types of aggregations (or all aggregations with `*`) that can modify the
-    text before being sent as a `bot-output` or `tts-text` message. (Think obscuring the credit card
-    or inserting extra detail the client might want that the context doesn't need.)
-
-- Updated the base aggregator type:
-  - Introduced a new `Aggregation` dataclass to represent both the aggregated `text` and
-    a string identifying the `type` of aggregation (ex. "sentence", "word", "my custom
-    aggregation")
-  - **BREAKING**: `BaseTextAggregator.text` now returns an `Aggregation` (instead of `str`).
-    To update: `aggregated_text = myAggregator.text` -> `aggregated_text = myAggregator.text.text`
-  - **BREAKING**: `BaseTextAggregator.aggregate()` now returns `Optional[Aggregation]`
-    (instead of `Optional[str]`). To update:
-      ```
-      aggregation = myAggregator.aggregate(text)
-      if (aggregation):
-        print(f"successfully aggregated text: {aggregation.text}") // instead of {aggregation}
-      ```
-  - `SimpleTextAggregator`, `SkipTagsAggregator`, `PatternPairAggregator` updated to
-    produce/consume `Aggregation` objects.
-
-- Augmented the `PatternPairAggregator`:
-  - Introduced a new, preferred version of `add_pattern` to support a new option for treating a
-    match as a separate aggregation returned from `aggregate()`. This replaces the now
-    deprecated `add_pattern_pair` method and you provide a `MatchAction` in lieu of the `remove_match` field.
-    - `MatchAction` enum: `REMOVE`, `KEEP`, `AGGREGATE`, allowing customization for how
-      a match should be handled.
-      - `REMOVE`: The text along with its delimiters will be removed from the streaming text.
-                  Sentence aggregation will continue on as if this text did not exist.
-      - `KEEP`: The delimiters will be removed, but the content between them will be kept.
-                Sentence aggregation will continue on with the internal text included.
-      - `AGGREGATE`: The delimiters will be removed and the content between will be treated
-                as a separate aggregation. Any text before the start of the pattern will be
-                returned early, whether or not a complete sentence was found. Then the pattern
-                will be returned. Then the aggregation will continue on sentence matching after
-                the closing delimiter is found. The content between the delimiters is not
-                aggregated by sentence. It is aggregated as one single block of text.
-      - `PatternMatch` now extends `Aggregation` and provides richer info to handlers.
-  - **BREAKING**: The `PatternMatch` type returned to handlers registered via `on_pattern_match`
-     has been updated to subclass from the new `Aggregation` type, which means that `content`
-     has been replaced with `text` and `pattern_id` has been replaced with `type`:
-       ```
-       async dev on_match_tag(match: PatternMatch):
-          pattern = match.type # instead of match.pattern_id
-          text = match.text # instead of match.content
-       ```
 
 ### Changed
 
+- ⚠️ Breaking change: `LLMContext.create_image_message()`,
+  `LLMContext.create_audio_message()`, `LLMContext.add_image_frame_message()`
+  and `LLMContext.add_audio_frames_message()` are now async methods. This fixes
+  an issue where the asyncio event loop would be blocked while encoding audio or
+  images.
+
+- `ConsumerProcessor` now queues frames from the producer internally instead of
+  pushing them directly. This allows us to subclass consumer processors and
+  manipulate frames before they are pushed.
+
+- `BaseTextFilter` only require subclasses to implement the `filter()` method.
+
+- Extracted the logic for retrying connections, and create a new `send_with_retry`
+  method inside `WebSocketService`.
+
+- Refactored `DeepgramFluxSTTService` to automatically reconnect if sending a
+  message fails.
+
 - Updated all STT and TTS services to use consistent error handling pattern with
   `push_error()` method for better pipeline error event integration.
 
+- Added support for `maybe_capture_participant_camera()` and
+  `maybe_capture_participant_screen()` for `SmallWebRTCTransport` in the runner
+  utils.
+
 - Added Hindi support for Rime TTS services.
 
 - Updated `GeminiTTSService` to use Google Cloud Text-to-Speech streaming API
@@ -109,44 +63,18 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 - Updated language mappings for the Google and Gemini TTS services to match
   official documentation.
 
-- `TextFrame` new field `append_to_context` used to indicate if the encompassing
-  text should be added to the LLM context (by the LLM assistant aggregator). It
-  defaults to `True`.
-
-- TTS flow respects aggregation metadata
-  - `TTSService` accepts a new `skip_aggregator_types` to avoid speaking certain aggregation types
-    (now determined/returned by the aggregator)
-  - TTS services push `AggregatedTextFrame` in addition to `TTSTextFrame`s when either an
-    aggregation occurs that should not be spoken or when the TTS service supports word-by-word
-    timestamping. In the latter case, the `TTSService` preliminarily generates an
-    `AggregatedTextFrame`, aggregated by sentence to generate the full sentence content as early
-    as possible.
-  - Introduced a new methods, `add_text_transformer()` and `remove_text_transformer()`:
-    These functions introduce the ability to provide (and subsequently remove) callbacks to the TTS to transform text based on
-    its aggregated type prior to sending the text to the underlying TTS service. This makes it
-    possible to do things like introduce TTS-specific tags for spelling or emotion or change the
-    pronunciation of something on the fly.
-
 ### Deprecated
 
 - The `api_key` parameter in `GeminiTTSService` is deprecated. Use
   `credentials` or `credentials_path` instead for Google Cloud authentication.
 
-- The RTVI `bot-transcription` event is deprecated in favor of the new `bot-output`
-  message which is the canonical representation of bot output (spoken or not). The code
-  still emits a transcription message for backwards compatibility while transition occurs.
-
-- The TTS constructor field, `text_aggregator` is deprecated in favor of the new
-  `LLMTextProcessor`. TTSServices still have an internal aggregator for support of default
-  behavior, but if you want to override the aggregation behavior, you should use the new
-  processor.
-
-- Deprecated `add_pattern_pair` in the `PatternPairAggregator` which takes a `pattern_id`
-  and `remove_match` field in favor of the new `add_pattern` method which takes a `type` and an
-  `action`
-
 ### Fixed
 
+- Fixed a `SimliVideoService` connection issue.
+
+- Fixed an issue in the `Runner` where, when using `SmallWebRTCTransport`, the
+  `request_data` was not being passed to the `SmallWebRTCRunnerArguments` body.
+
 - Fixed subtle issue of assistant context messages ending up with double spaces
   between words or sentences.
 
@@ -161,12 +89,6 @@ and this project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](https://semver.org/spec/v2.0.0
 
 - Prevented `HeyGenVideoService` from automatically disconnecting after 5 minutes.
 
-### Added
-
-- Added ai-coustics integrated VAD (`AICVADAnalyzer`) with `AICFilter` factory and 
-  example wiring; leverages the enhancement model for robust detection with no 
-  ONNX dependency or added processing complexity.
-
 ## [0.0.94] - 2025-11-10
 
 ### Changed

examples/foundational/07ae-interruptible-hume.py

@@ -13,24 +13,29 @@ from pipecat.audio.turn.smart_turn.base_smart_turn import SmartTurnParams
 from pipecat.audio.turn.smart_turn.local_smart_turn_v3 import LocalSmartTurnAnalyzerV3
 from pipecat.audio.vad.silero import SileroVADAnalyzer
 from pipecat.audio.vad.vad_analyzer import VADParams
-from pipecat.frames.frames import LLMRunFrame
+from pipecat.frames.frames import LLMRunFrame, TTSTextFrame
+from pipecat.observers.loggers.debug_log_observer import DebugLogObserver, FrameEndpoint
 from pipecat.pipeline.pipeline import Pipeline
 from pipecat.pipeline.runner import PipelineRunner
 from pipecat.pipeline.task import PipelineParams, PipelineTask
 from pipecat.processors.aggregators.llm_context import LLMContext
-from pipecat.processors.aggregators.llm_response_universal import LLMContextAggregatorPair
+from pipecat.processors.aggregators.llm_response_universal import (
+    LLMContextAggregatorPair,
+)
 from pipecat.processors.frameworks.rtvi import RTVIConfig, RTVIObserver, RTVIProcessor
 from pipecat.runner.types import RunnerArguments
 from pipecat.runner.utils import create_transport
 from pipecat.services.deepgram.stt import DeepgramSTTService
 from pipecat.services.hume.tts import HUME_SAMPLE_RATE, HumeTTSService
 from pipecat.services.openai.llm import OpenAILLMService
+from pipecat.transports.base_output import BaseOutputTransport
 from pipecat.transports.base_transport import BaseTransport, TransportParams
 from pipecat.transports.daily.transport import DailyParams
 from pipecat.transports.websocket.fastapi import FastAPIWebsocketParams
 
 load_dotenv(override=True)
 
+
 # We store functions so objects (e.g. SileroVADAnalyzer) don't get
 # instantiated. The function will be called when the desired transport gets
 # selected.
@@ -88,7 +93,7 @@ async def run_bot(transport: BaseTransport, runner_args: RunnerArguments):
             stt,
             context_aggregator.user(),  # User responses
             llm,  # LLM
-            tts,  # TTS
+            tts,  # TTS (HumeTTSService with word timestamps)
             transport.output(),  # Transport bot output
             context_aggregator.assistant(),  # Assistant spoken responses
         ]
@@ -102,7 +107,14 @@ async def run_bot(transport: BaseTransport, runner_args: RunnerArguments):
             audio_out_sample_rate=HUME_SAMPLE_RATE,
         ),
         idle_timeout_secs=runner_args.pipeline_idle_timeout_secs,
-        observers=[RTVIObserver(rtvi)],
+        observers=[
+            RTVIObserver(rtvi),
+            DebugLogObserver(
+                frame_types={
+                    TTSTextFrame: (BaseOutputTransport, FrameEndpoint.SOURCE),
+                }
+            ),
+        ],
     )
 
     @rtvi.event_handler("on_client_ready")
@@ -112,6 +124,9 @@ async def run_bot(transport: BaseTransport, runner_args: RunnerArguments):
     @transport.event_handler("on_client_connected")
     async def on_client_connected(transport, client):
         logger.info(f"Client connected")
+        logger.info(
+            "💡 Word timestamps are enabled! Watch the console for TTSTextFrame logs showing each word with its PTS."
+        )
         # Kick off the conversation.
         messages.append({"role": "system", "content": "Please introduce yourself to the user."})
         await task.queue_frames([LLMRunFrame()])

examples/foundational/07c-interruptible-deepgram-flux.py

@@ -52,7 +52,10 @@ transport_params = {
 async def run_bot(transport: BaseTransport, runner_args: RunnerArguments):
     logger.info(f"Starting bot")
 
-    stt = DeepgramFluxSTTService(api_key=os.getenv("DEEPGRAM_API_KEY"))
+    stt = DeepgramFluxSTTService(
+        api_key=os.getenv("DEEPGRAM_API_KEY"),
+        params=DeepgramFluxSTTService.InputParams(min_confidence=0.3),
+    )
 
     tts = DeepgramTTSService(api_key=os.getenv("DEEPGRAM_API_KEY"), voice="aura-2-andromeda-en")
 

examples/foundational/12-describe-image-openai.py

@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ async def run_bot(transport: BaseTransport, runner_args: RunnerArguments):
 
         # Kick off the conversation.
         image = Image.open(image_path)
-        message = LLMContext.create_image_message(
+        message = await LLMContext.create_image_message(
             image=image.tobytes(),
             format="RGB",
             size=image.size,

examples/foundational/12a-describe-image-anthropic.py

@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ async def run_bot(transport: BaseTransport, runner_args: RunnerArguments):
 
         # Kick off the conversation.
         image = Image.open(image_path)
-        message = LLMContext.create_image_message(
+        message = await LLMContext.create_image_message(
             image=image.tobytes(),
             format="RGB",
             size=image.size,

examples/foundational/12b-describe-image-aws.py

@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ async def run_bot(transport: BaseTransport, runner_args: RunnerArguments):
 
         # Kick off the conversation.
         image = Image.open(image_path)
-        message = LLMContext.create_image_message(
+        message = await LLMContext.create_image_message(
             image=image.tobytes(),
             format="RGB",
             size=image.size,

examples/foundational/12c-describe-image-gemini-flash.py

@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ async def run_bot(transport: BaseTransport, runner_args: RunnerArguments):
 
         # Kick off the conversation.
         image = Image.open(image_path)
-        message = LLMContext.create_image_message(
+        message = await LLMContext.create_image_message(
             image=image.tobytes(),
             format="RGB",
             size=image.size,

examples/foundational/14d-function-calling-moondream-video.py

@@ -15,14 +15,21 @@ from pipecat.audio.turn.smart_turn.base_smart_turn import SmartTurnParams
 from pipecat.audio.turn.smart_turn.local_smart_turn_v3 import LocalSmartTurnAnalyzerV3
 from pipecat.audio.vad.silero import SileroVADAnalyzer
 from pipecat.audio.vad.vad_analyzer import VADParams
-from pipecat.frames.frames import LLMRunFrame, UserImageRequestFrame
+from pipecat.frames.frames import (
+    Frame,
+    LLMFullResponseEndFrame,
+    LLMFullResponseStartFrame,
+    LLMRunFrame,
+    TextFrame,
+    UserImageRequestFrame,
+)
 from pipecat.pipeline.parallel_pipeline import ParallelPipeline
 from pipecat.pipeline.pipeline import Pipeline
 from pipecat.pipeline.runner import PipelineRunner
 from pipecat.pipeline.task import PipelineTask
 from pipecat.processors.aggregators.llm_context import LLMContext
 from pipecat.processors.aggregators.llm_response_universal import LLMContextAggregatorPair
-from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
+from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection, FrameProcessor
 from pipecat.runner.types import RunnerArguments
 from pipecat.runner.utils import (
     create_transport,
@@ -66,6 +73,27 @@ async def fetch_user_image(params: FunctionCallParams):
     # await params.result_callback({"result": "Image is being captured."})
 
 
+class MoondreamTextFrameWrapper(FrameProcessor):
+    """Wraps Moondream-provided TextFrames with LLM response start/end frames.
+
+    This processor detects TextFrames and automatically wraps them with
+    LLMFullResponseStartFrame and LLMFullResponseEndFrame to provide proper
+    response boundaries for downstream processors.
+    """
+
+    async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
+
+        # If we receive a TextFrame, wrap it with response start/end frames
+        if isinstance(frame, TextFrame):
+            await self.push_frame(LLMFullResponseStartFrame(), direction)
+            await self.push_frame(frame, direction)
+            await self.push_frame(LLMFullResponseEndFrame(), direction)
+        else:
+            # For all other frames, just pass them through
+            await self.push_frame(frame, direction)
+
+
 # We store functions so objects (e.g. SileroVADAnalyzer) don't get
 # instantiated. The function will be called when the desired transport gets
 # selected.
@@ -130,6 +158,12 @@ async def run_bot(transport: BaseTransport, runner_args: RunnerArguments):
     # If you run into weird description, try with use_cpu=True
     moondream = MoondreamService()
 
+    # Wrap TextFrames with LLM response start/end frames, which makes Moondream
+    # output be treated like LLM responses for the purpose of context
+    # aggregation. Without this, the assistant context aggregator would ignore
+    # Moondream output (if the TTS service is disabled).
+    moondream_text_wrapper = MoondreamTextFrameWrapper()
+
     pipeline = Pipeline(
         [
             transport.input(),  # Transport user input
@@ -137,7 +171,7 @@ async def run_bot(transport: BaseTransport, runner_args: RunnerArguments):
             context_aggregator.user(),  # User responses
             ParallelPipeline(
                 [llm],  # LLM
-                [moondream],
+                [moondream, moondream_text_wrapper],
             ),
             tts,  # TTS
             transport.output(),  # Transport bot output

examples/foundational/22d-natural-conversation-gemini-audio.py

@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ class AudioAccumulator(FrameProcessor):
             )
             self._user_speaking = False
             context = LLMContext()
-            context.add_audio_frames_message(audio_frames=self._audio_frames)
+            await context.add_audio_frames_message(audio_frames=self._audio_frames)
             await self.push_frame(LLMContextFrame(context=context))
         elif isinstance(frame, InputAudioRawFrame):
             # Append the audio frame to our buffer. Treat the buffer as a ring buffer, dropping the oldest

examples/foundational/30-observer.py

@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ async def run_bot(transport: BaseTransport, runner_args: RunnerArguments):
             LLMLogObserver(),
             DebugLogObserver(
                 frame_types={
-                    TTSTextFrame: (BaseOutputTransport, FrameEndpoint.DESTINATION),
+                    TTSTextFrame: (BaseOutputTransport, FrameEndpoint.SOURCE),
                     UserStartedSpeakingFrame: (BaseInputTransport, FrameEndpoint.SOURCE),
                     EndFrame: None,
                 }

examples/foundational/35-pattern-pair-voice-switching.py

@@ -62,11 +62,7 @@ from pipecat.services.openai.llm import OpenAILLMService
 from pipecat.transports.base_transport import BaseTransport, TransportParams
 from pipecat.transports.daily.transport import DailyParams
 from pipecat.transports.websocket.fastapi import FastAPIWebsocketParams
-from pipecat.utils.text.pattern_pair_aggregator import (
+from pipecat.utils.text.pattern_pair_aggregator import PatternMatch, PatternPairAggregator
-    MatchAction,
-    PatternMatch,
-    PatternPairAggregator,
-)
 
 load_dotenv(override=True)
 
@@ -110,16 +106,16 @@ async def run_bot(transport: BaseTransport, runner_args: RunnerArguments):
     pattern_aggregator = PatternPairAggregator()
 
     # Add pattern for voice switching
-    pattern_aggregator.add_pattern(
+    pattern_aggregator.add_pattern_pair(
-        type="voice",
+        pattern_id="voice_tag",
         start_pattern="<voice>",
         end_pattern="</voice>",
-        action=MatchAction.REMOVE,  # Remove tags from final text
+        remove_match=True,
     )
 
     # Register handler for voice switching
     async def on_voice_tag(match: PatternMatch):
-        voice_name = match.text.strip().lower()
+        voice_name = match.content.strip().lower()
         if voice_name in VOICE_IDS:
             # First flush any existing audio to finish the current context
             await tts.flush_audio()
@@ -129,7 +125,7 @@ async def run_bot(transport: BaseTransport, runner_args: RunnerArguments):
         else:
             logger.warning(f"Unknown voice: {voice_name}")
 
-    pattern_aggregator.on_pattern_match("voice", on_voice_tag)
+    pattern_aggregator.on_pattern_match("voice_tag", on_voice_tag)
 
     stt = DeepgramSTTService(api_key=os.getenv("DEEPGRAM_API_KEY"))
 

examples/foundational/39-mcp-stdio.py

@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ async def run_bot(transport: BaseTransport, runner_args: RunnerArguments):
         You are a helpful LLM in a WebRTC call.
         Your goal is to demonstrate your capabilities in a succinct way.
         You have access to tools to search the Rijksmuseum collection.
-        Offer, for example, to show the earliest Rembrandt work from the museum. Use the `search_artwork` tool.
+        Offer, for example, to show a floral still life, use the `search_artwork` tool.
         The tool may respond with a JSON object with an `artworks` array. Choose the art from that array.
         Once the tool has responded, tell the user the title and use the `open_image_in_browser` tool.
         Your output will be spoken aloud, so avoid special characters that can't easily be spoken, such as emojis or bullet points.

examples/foundational/39a-mcp-run-sse.py

@@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
-#
-# Copyright (c) 2024–2025, Daily
-#
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
-#
-
-
-import os
-
-from dotenv import load_dotenv
-from loguru import logger
-from mcp.client.session_group import SseServerParameters
-
-from pipecat.audio.turn.smart_turn.base_smart_turn import SmartTurnParams
-from pipecat.audio.turn.smart_turn.local_smart_turn_v3 import LocalSmartTurnAnalyzerV3
-from pipecat.audio.vad.silero import SileroVADAnalyzer
-from pipecat.audio.vad.vad_analyzer import VADParams
-from pipecat.frames.frames import LLMRunFrame
-from pipecat.pipeline.pipeline import Pipeline
-from pipecat.pipeline.runner import PipelineRunner
-from pipecat.pipeline.task import PipelineParams, PipelineTask
-from pipecat.processors.aggregators.llm_context import LLMContext
-from pipecat.processors.aggregators.llm_response_universal import LLMContextAggregatorPair
-from pipecat.runner.types import RunnerArguments
-from pipecat.runner.utils import create_transport
-from pipecat.services.anthropic.llm import AnthropicLLMService
-from pipecat.services.cartesia.tts import CartesiaTTSService
-from pipecat.services.deepgram.stt import DeepgramSTTService
-from pipecat.services.mcp_service import MCPClient
-from pipecat.transports.base_transport import BaseTransport, TransportParams
-from pipecat.transports.daily.transport import DailyParams
-from pipecat.transports.websocket.fastapi import FastAPIWebsocketParams
-
-load_dotenv(override=True)
-
-# We store functions so objects (e.g. SileroVADAnalyzer) don't get
-# instantiated. The function will be called when the desired transport gets
-# selected.
-transport_params = {
-    "daily": lambda: DailyParams(
-        audio_in_enabled=True,
-        audio_out_enabled=True,
-        vad_analyzer=SileroVADAnalyzer(params=VADParams(stop_secs=0.2)),
-        turn_analyzer=LocalSmartTurnAnalyzerV3(params=SmartTurnParams()),
-    ),
-    "twilio": lambda: FastAPIWebsocketParams(
-        audio_in_enabled=True,
-        audio_out_enabled=True,
-        vad_analyzer=SileroVADAnalyzer(params=VADParams(stop_secs=0.2)),
-        turn_analyzer=LocalSmartTurnAnalyzerV3(params=SmartTurnParams()),
-    ),
-    "webrtc": lambda: TransportParams(
-        audio_in_enabled=True,
-        audio_out_enabled=True,
-        vad_analyzer=SileroVADAnalyzer(params=VADParams(stop_secs=0.2)),
-        turn_analyzer=LocalSmartTurnAnalyzerV3(params=SmartTurnParams()),
-    ),
-}
-
-
-async def run_bot(transport: BaseTransport, runner_args: RunnerArguments):
-    logger.info(f"Starting bot")
-
-    stt = DeepgramSTTService(api_key=os.getenv("DEEPGRAM_API_KEY"))
-
-    tts = CartesiaTTSService(
-        api_key=os.getenv("CARTESIA_API_KEY"),
-        voice_id="71a7ad14-091c-4e8e-a314-022ece01c121",  # British Reading Lady
-    )
-
-    llm = AnthropicLLMService(
-        api_key=os.getenv("ANTHROPIC_API_KEY"), model="claude-3-7-sonnet-latest"
-    )
-
-    try:
-        # https://docs.mcp.run/integrating/tutorials/mcp-run-sse-openai-agents/
-        mcp = MCPClient(server_params=SseServerParameters(url=os.getenv("MCP_RUN_SSE_URL")))
-    except Exception as e:
-        logger.error(f"error setting up mcp")
-        logger.exception("error trace:")
-
-    tools = {}
-    try:
-        tools = await mcp.register_tools(llm)
-    except Exception as e:
-        logger.error(f"error registering tools")
-        logger.exception("error trace:")
-
-    system = f"""
-    You are a helpful LLM in a WebRTC call.
-    Your goal is to demonstrate your capabilities in a succinct way.
-    You have access to a number of tools provided by mcp.run. Use any and all tools to help users.
-    Your output will be spoken aloud, so avoid special characters that can't easily be spoken, such as emojis or bullet points.
-    Respond to what the user said in a creative and helpful way.
-    When asked for today's date, use 'https://www.datetoday.net/'.
-    Don't overexplain what you are doing.
-    Just respond with short sentences when you are carrying out tool calls.
-    """
-
-    messages = [{"role": "system", "content": system}]
-
-    context = LLMContext(messages, tools)
-    context_aggregator = LLMContextAggregatorPair(context)
-
-    pipeline = Pipeline(
-        [
-            transport.input(),  # Transport user input
-            stt,
-            context_aggregator.user(),  # User spoken responses
-            llm,  # LLM
-            tts,  # TTS
-            transport.output(),  # Transport bot output
-            context_aggregator.assistant(),  # Assistant spoken responses and tool context
-        ]
-    )
-
-    task = PipelineTask(
-        pipeline,
-        params=PipelineParams(
-            enable_metrics=True,
-            enable_usage_metrics=True,
-        ),
-        idle_timeout_secs=runner_args.pipeline_idle_timeout_secs,
-    )
-
-    @transport.event_handler("on_client_connected")
-    async def on_client_connected(transport, client):
-        logger.info(f"Client connected: {client}")
-        # Kick off the conversation.
-        await task.queue_frames([LLMRunFrame()])
-
-    @transport.event_handler("on_client_disconnected")
-    async def on_client_disconnected(transport, client):
-        logger.info(f"Client disconnected")
-        await task.cancel()
-
-    runner = PipelineRunner(handle_sigint=runner_args.handle_sigint)
-
-    await runner.run(task)
-
-
-async def bot(runner_args: RunnerArguments):
-    """Main bot entry point compatible with Pipecat Cloud."""
-    transport = await create_transport(runner_args, transport_params)
-    await run_bot(transport, runner_args)
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    if not os.getenv("MCP_RUN_SSE_URL"):
-        logger.error(
-            f"Please set MCP_RUN_SSE_URL environment variable for this example. See https://mcp.run"
-        )
-        import sys
-
-        sys.exit(1)
-
-    from pipecat.runner.run import main
-
-    main()

examples/foundational/39c-multiple-mcp.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 
 import asyncio
 import io
+import json
 import os
 import re
 import shutil
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ import aiohttp
 from dotenv import load_dotenv
 from loguru import logger
 from mcp import StdioServerParameters
-from mcp.client.session_group import SseServerParameters
+from mcp.client.session_group import StreamableHttpParameters
 from PIL import Image
 
 from pipecat.adapters.schemas.tools_schema import ToolsSchema
@@ -66,10 +67,12 @@ class UrlToImageProcessor(FrameProcessor):
             await self.push_frame(frame, direction)
 
     def extract_url(self, text: str):
-        pattern = r"!\[[^\]]*\]\((https?://[^)]+\.(png|jpg|jpeg|PNG|JPG|JPEG|gif))\)"
+        data = json.loads(text)
-        match = re.search(pattern, text)
+        if "artObject" in data:
-        if match:
+            return data["artObject"]["webImage"]["url"]
-            return match.group(1)
+        if "artworks" in data and len(data["artworks"]):
+            return data["artworks"][0]["webImage"]["url"]
+
         return None
 
     async def run_image_process(self, image_url: str):
@@ -132,10 +135,11 @@ async def run_bot(transport: BaseTransport, runner_args: RunnerArguments):
         system = f"""
         You are a helpful LLM in a WebRTC call.
         Your goal is to demonstrate your capabilities in a succinct way.
-        You have access to tools to search the Rijksmuseum collection.
+        You have access to tools to search the Rijksmuseum collection and the user's GitHub repositories and account.
-        Offer, for example, to show the earliest Rembrandt work from the museum. Use the `search_artwork` tool.
+        Offer, for example, to show a floral still life, use the `search_artwork` tool.
         The tool may respond with a JSON object with an `artworks` array. Choose the art from that array.
         Once the tool has responded, tell the user the title and use the `open_image_in_browser` tool.
+        You can also offer to answer users questions about their GitHub repositories and account.
         Your output will be spoken aloud, so avoid special characters that can't easily be spoken, such as emojis or bullet points.
         Respond to what the user said in a creative and helpful way.
         Don't overexplain what you are doing.
@@ -145,11 +149,11 @@ async def run_bot(transport: BaseTransport, runner_args: RunnerArguments):
         messages = [{"role": "system", "content": system}]
 
         try:
-            mcp = MCPClient(
+            rijksmuseum_mcp = MCPClient(
                 server_params=StdioServerParameters(
                     command=shutil.which("npx"),
                     # https://github.com/r-huijts/rijksmuseum-mcp
-                    args=["-y", "mcp-server-error setting up mcp"],
+                    args=["-y", "mcp-server-rijksmuseum"],
                     env={"RIJKSMUSEUM_API_KEY": os.getenv("RIJKSMUSEUM_API_KEY")},
                 )
             )
@@ -157,24 +161,32 @@ async def run_bot(transport: BaseTransport, runner_args: RunnerArguments):
             logger.error(f"error setting up rijksmuseum mcp")
             logger.exception("error trace:")
         try:
-            # https://docs.mcp.run/integrating/tutorials/mcp-run-sse-openai-agents/
+            # Github MCP docs: https://github.com/github/github-mcp-server
-            # ie. "https://www.mcp.run/api/mcp/sse?..."
+            # Enable Github Copilot on your GitHub account. Free tier is ok. (https://github.com/settings/copilot)
-            # ensure the profile has a tool or few installed
+            # Generate a personal access token. It must be a Fine-grained token, classic tokens are not supported. (https://github.com/settings/personal-access-tokens)
-            mcp_run = MCPClient(server_params=SseServerParameters(url=os.getenv("MCP_RUN_SSE_URL")))
+            # Set permissions you want to use (eg. "all repositories", "profile: read/write", etc)
+            github_mcp = MCPClient(
+                server_params=StreamableHttpParameters(
+                    url="https://api.githubcopilot.com/mcp/",
+                    headers={
+                        "Authorization": f"Bearer {os.getenv('GITHUB_PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN')}"
+                    },
+                )
+            )
         except Exception as e:
             logger.error(f"error setting up mcp.run")
             logger.exception("error trace:")
 
-        tools = {}
+        rijksmuseum_tools = {}
-        run_tools = {}
+        github_tools = {}
         try:
-            tools = await mcp.register_tools(llm)
+            rijksmuseum_tools = await rijksmuseum_mcp.register_tools(llm)
-            run_tools = await mcp_run.register_tools(llm)
+            github_tools = await github_mcp.register_tools(llm)
         except Exception as e:
             logger.error(f"error registering tools")
             logger.exception("error trace:")
 
-        all_standard_tools = run_tools.standard_tools + tools.standard_tools
+        all_standard_tools = rijksmuseum_tools.standard_tools + github_tools.standard_tools
         all_tools = ToolsSchema(standard_tools=all_standard_tools)
 
         context = LLMContext(messages, all_tools)
@@ -226,9 +238,9 @@ async def bot(runner_args: RunnerArguments):
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-    if not os.getenv("RIJKSMUSEUM_API_KEY") or not os.getenv("MCP_RUN_SSE_URL"):
+    if not os.getenv("RIJKSMUSEUM_API_KEY") or not os.getenv("GITHUB_PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN"):
         logger.error(
-            f"Please set RIJKSMUSEUM_API_KEY and MCP_RUN_SSE_URL environment variables. See https://github.com/r-huijts/rijksmuseum-mcp and https://mcp.run"
+            f"Please set `RIJKSMUSEUM_API_KEY` and `GITHUB_PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN` environment variables. See https://github.com/r-huijts/rijksmuseum-mcp."
         )
         import sys
 

pyproject.toml

@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ local-smart-turn = [ "coremltools>=8.0", "transformers", "torch>=2.5.0,<3", "tor
 local-smart-turn-v3 = [ "transformers", "onnxruntime>=1.20.1,<2" ]
 remote-smart-turn = []
 silero = [ "onnxruntime>=1.20.1,<2" ]
-simli = [ "simli-ai~=0.1.25"]
+simli = [ "simli-ai~=1.0.3"]
 soniox = [ "pipecat-ai[websockets-base]" ]
 soundfile = [ "soundfile~=0.13.1" ]
 speechmatics = [ "speechmatics-rt>=0.5.0" ]

scripts/evals/run-release-evals.py

@@ -30,8 +30,8 @@ EVAL_SIMPLE_MATH = EvalConfig(
 )
 
 EVAL_WEATHER = EvalConfig(
-    prompt="What's the weather in San Francisco?",
+    prompt="What's the weather in San Francisco (in farhenheit or celsius)?",
-    eval="The user says something specific about the current weather in San Francisco, including the degrees.",
+    eval="The user says something specific about the current weather in San Francisco, including the degrees (in farhenheit or celsius).",
 )
 
 EVAL_ONLINE_SEARCH = EvalConfig(
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ EVAL_VOICEMAIL = EvalConfig(
 
 EVAL_CONVERSATION = EvalConfig(
     prompt="Hello, this is Mark.",
-    eval="The user replies with a greeting.",
+    eval="The user acknowledges the greeting.",
     eval_speaks_first=True,
 )
 

src/pipecat/extensions/ivr/ivr_navigator.py

@@ -31,11 +31,7 @@ from pipecat.pipeline.pipeline import Pipeline
 from pipecat.processors.aggregators.openai_llm_context import OpenAILLMContextFrame
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection, FrameProcessor
 from pipecat.services.llm_service import LLMService
-from pipecat.utils.text.pattern_pair_aggregator import (
+from pipecat.utils.text.pattern_pair_aggregator import PatternMatch, PatternPairAggregator
-    MatchAction,
-    PatternMatch,
-    PatternPairAggregator,
-)
 
 
 class IVRStatus(Enum):
@@ -118,15 +114,15 @@ class IVRProcessor(FrameProcessor):
     def _setup_xml_patterns(self):
         """Set up XML pattern detection and handlers."""
         # Register DTMF pattern
-        self._aggregator.add_pattern("dtmf", "<dtmf>", "</dtmf>", action=MatchAction.REMOVE)
+        self._aggregator.add_pattern_pair("dtmf", "<dtmf>", "</dtmf>", remove_match=True)
         self._aggregator.on_pattern_match("dtmf", self._handle_dtmf_action)
 
         # Register mode pattern
-        self._aggregator.add_pattern("mode", "<mode>", "</mode>", action=MatchAction.REMOVE)
+        self._aggregator.add_pattern_pair("mode", "<mode>", "</mode>", remove_match=True)
         self._aggregator.on_pattern_match("mode", self._handle_mode_action)
 
         # Register IVR pattern
-        self._aggregator.add_pattern("ivr", "<ivr>", "</ivr>", action=MatchAction.REMOVE)
+        self._aggregator.add_pattern_pair("ivr", "<ivr>", "</ivr>", remove_match=True)
         self._aggregator.on_pattern_match("ivr", self._handle_ivr_action)
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
@@ -163,7 +159,7 @@ class IVRProcessor(FrameProcessor):
         Args:
             match: The pattern match containing DTMF content.
         """
-        value = match.text
+        value = match.content
         logger.debug(f"DTMF detected: {value}")
 
         try:
@@ -184,7 +180,7 @@ class IVRProcessor(FrameProcessor):
         Args:
             match: The pattern match containing IVR status content.
         """
-        status = match.text
+        status = match.content
         logger.trace(f"IVR status detected: {status}")
 
         # Convert string to enum, with validation
@@ -215,7 +211,7 @@ class IVRProcessor(FrameProcessor):
         Args:
             match: The pattern match containing mode content.
         """
-        mode = match.text
+        mode = match.content
         logger.debug(f"Mode detected: {mode}")
         if mode == "conversation":
             await self._handle_conversation()

src/pipecat/frames/frames.py

@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@ and LLM processing.
 """
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from enum import Enum
 from typing import (
     TYPE_CHECKING,
     Any,
@@ -338,14 +337,11 @@ class TextFrame(DataFrame):
     # mandatory fields of theirs to have defaults to preserve
     # non-default-before-default argument order)
     includes_inter_frame_spaces: bool = field(init=False)
-    # Whether this text frame should be appended to the LLM context.
-    append_to_context: bool = field(init=False)
 
     def __post_init__(self):
         super().__post_init__()
         self.skip_tts = False
         self.includes_inter_frame_spaces = False
-        self.append_to_context = True
 
     def __str__(self):
         pts = format_pts(self.pts)
@@ -356,35 +352,14 @@ class TextFrame(DataFrame):
 class LLMTextFrame(TextFrame):
     """Text frame generated by LLM services."""
 
-    pass
+    def __post_init__(self):
-
+        super().__post_init__()
-
+        # LLM services send text frames with all necessary spaces included
-class AggregationType(str, Enum):
+        self.includes_inter_frame_spaces = True
-    """Built-in aggregation strings."""
-
-    SENTENCE = "sentence"
-    WORD = "word"
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return self.value
 
 
 @dataclass
-class AggregatedTextFrame(TextFrame):
+class TTSTextFrame(TextFrame):
-    """Text frame representing an aggregation of TextFrames.
-
-    This frame contains multiple TextFrames aggregated together for processing
-    or output along with a field to indicate how they are aggregated.
-
-    Parameters:
-        aggregated_by: Method used to aggregate the text frames.
-    """
-
-    aggregated_by: AggregationType | str
-
-
-@dataclass
-class TTSTextFrame(AggregatedTextFrame):
     """Text frame generated by Text-to-Speech services."""
 
     pass
@@ -832,11 +807,13 @@ class ErrorFrame(SystemFrame):
         error: Description of the error that occurred.
         fatal: Whether the error is fatal and requires bot shutdown.
         processor: The frame processor that generated the error.
+        exception: The exception that occurred.
     """
 
     error: str
     fatal: bool = False
     processor: Optional["FrameProcessor"] = None
+    exception: Optional[Exception] = None
 
     def __str__(self):
         return f"{self.name}(error: {self.error}, fatal: {self.fatal})"

src/pipecat/processors/aggregators/llm_context.py

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ translation from this universal context into whatever format it needs, using a
 service-specific adapter.
 """
 
+import asyncio
 import base64
 import io
 import wave
@@ -137,7 +138,7 @@ class LLMContext:
         return {"role": role, "content": content}
 
     @staticmethod
-    def create_image_message(
+    async def create_image_message(
         *,
         role: str = "user",
         format: str,
@@ -154,15 +155,21 @@ class LLMContext:
             image: Raw image bytes.
             text: Optional text to include with the image.
         """
+
+        def encode_image():
             buffer = io.BytesIO()
             Image.frombytes(format, size, image).save(buffer, format="JPEG")
             encoded_image = base64.b64encode(buffer.getvalue()).decode("utf-8")
+            return encoded_image
+
+        encoded_image = await asyncio.to_thread(encode_image)
+
         url = f"data:image/jpeg;base64,{encoded_image}"
 
         return LLMContext.create_image_url_message(role=role, url=url, text=text)
 
     @staticmethod
-    def create_audio_message(
+    async def create_audio_message(
         *, role: str = "user", audio_frames: list[AudioRawFrame], text: str = "Audio follows"
     ) -> LLMContextMessage:
         """Create a context message containing audio.
@@ -172,6 +179,8 @@ class LLMContext:
             audio_frames: List of audio frame objects to include.
             text: Optional text to include with the audio.
         """
+
+        async def encode_audio():
             sample_rate = audio_frames[0].sample_rate
             num_channels = audio_frames[0].num_channels
 
@@ -187,6 +196,9 @@ class LLMContext:
                     wf.writeframes(data)
 
             encoded_audio = base64.b64encode(buffer.getvalue()).decode("utf-8")
+            return encoded_audio
+
+        encoded_audio = await asyncio.to_thread(encode_audio)
 
         content.append(
             {
@@ -321,7 +333,7 @@ class LLMContext:
         """
         self._tool_choice = tool_choice
 
-    def add_image_frame_message(
+    async def add_image_frame_message(
         self, *, format: str, size: tuple[int, int], image: bytes, text: Optional[str] = None
     ):
         """Add a message containing an image frame.
@@ -332,10 +344,12 @@ class LLMContext:
             image: Raw image bytes.
             text: Optional text to include with the image.
         """
-        message = LLMContext.create_image_message(format=format, size=size, image=image, text=text)
+        message = await LLMContext.create_image_message(
+            format=format, size=size, image=image, text=text
+        )
         self.add_message(message)
 
-    def add_audio_frames_message(
+    async def add_audio_frames_message(
         self, *, audio_frames: list[AudioRawFrame], text: str = "Audio follows"
     ):
         """Add a message containing audio frames.
@@ -344,7 +358,7 @@ class LLMContext:
             audio_frames: List of audio frame objects to include.
             text: Optional text to include with the audio.
         """
-        message = LLMContext.create_audio_message(audio_frames=audio_frames, text=text)
+        message = await LLMContext.create_audio_message(audio_frames=audio_frames, text=text)
         self.add_message(message)
 
     @staticmethod

src/pipecat/processors/aggregators/llm_response.py

@@ -1001,7 +1001,7 @@ class LLMAssistantContextAggregator(LLMContextResponseAggregator):
         await self.push_aggregation()
 
     async def _handle_text(self, frame: TextFrame):
-        if not self._started or not frame.append_to_context:
+        if not self._started:
             return
 
         if self._params.expect_stripped_words:

src/pipecat/processors/aggregators/llm_response_universal.py

@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ from pipecat.processors.aggregators.llm_response import (
     LLMUserAggregatorParams,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection, FrameProcessor
-from pipecat.utils.string import concatenate_aggregated_text
+from pipecat.utils.string import TextPartForConcatenation, concatenate_aggregated_text
 from pipecat.utils.time import time_now_iso8601
 
 
@@ -90,15 +90,7 @@ class LLMContextAggregator(FrameProcessor):
         self._context = context
         self._role = role
 
-        self._aggregation: List[str] = []
+        self._aggregation: List[TextPartForConcatenation] = []
-
-        # Whether to add spaces between text parts.
-        # (Currently only used by LLMAssistantAggregator, but could be expanded
-        # to LLMUserAggregator in the future if needed; that would require
-        # additional work since LLMUserAggregator currently trims spaces from
-        # incoming frames before determining whether it "really" received any
-        # text).
-        self._add_spaces = True
 
     @property
     def messages(self) -> List[LLMContextMessage]:
@@ -191,7 +183,7 @@ class LLMContextAggregator(FrameProcessor):
         Returns:
             The concatenated aggregation string.
         """
-        return concatenate_aggregated_text(self._aggregation, self._add_spaces)
+        return concatenate_aggregated_text(self._aggregation)
 
 
 class LLMUserAggregator(LLMContextAggregator):
@@ -441,7 +433,12 @@ class LLMUserAggregator(LLMContextAggregator):
         if not text.strip():
             return
 
-        self._aggregation.append(text)
+        # Transcriptions never include inter-part spaces (so far).
+        self._aggregation.append(
+            TextPartForConcatenation(
+                text, includes_inter_part_spaces=frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces
+            )
+        )
         # We just got a final result, so let's reset interim results.
         self._seen_interim_results = False
         # Reset aggregation timer.
@@ -796,7 +793,7 @@ class LLMAssistantAggregator(LLMContextAggregator):
 
         logger.debug(f"{self} Appending UserImageRawFrame to LLM context (size: {frame.size})")
 
-        self._context.add_image_frame_message(
+        await self._context.add_image_frame_message(
             format=frame.format,
             size=frame.size,
             image=frame.image,
@@ -814,18 +811,18 @@ class LLMAssistantAggregator(LLMContextAggregator):
         await self.push_aggregation()
 
     async def _handle_text(self, frame: TextFrame):
-        if not self._started or not frame.append_to_context:
+        if not self._started:
             return
 
         # Make sure we really have text (spaces count, too!)
         if len(frame.text) == 0:
             return
 
-        # Track whether we need to add spaces between text parts
+        self._aggregation.append(
-        # Assumption: we can just keep track of the latest frame's value
+            TextPartForConcatenation(
-        self._add_spaces = not frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces
+                frame.text, includes_inter_part_spaces=frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces
-
+            )
-        self._aggregation.append(frame.text)
+        )
 
     def _context_updated_task_finished(self, task: asyncio.Task):
         self._context_updated_tasks.discard(task)

src/pipecat/processors/aggregators/llm_text_processor.py

@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-#
-# Copyright (c) 2024–2025, Daily
-#
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
-#
-
-"""LLM text processor module for processing and aggregating raw LLM output text.
-
-This processor will convert LLMTextFrames into AggregatedTextFrames based on the
-configured text aggregator. Using the customizable aggregator, it provides
-functionality to handle or manipulate LLM text frames before they are sent to other
-components such as TTS services or context aggregators. It can be used to pre-aggregate
-and categorize, modify, or filter direct output tokens from the LLM.
-"""
-
-from typing import Optional
-
-from pipecat.frames.frames import (
-    AggregatedTextFrame,
-    EndFrame,
-    Frame,
-    InterruptionFrame,
-    LLMFullResponseEndFrame,
-    LLMTextFrame,
-)
-from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection, FrameProcessor
-from pipecat.utils.text.base_text_aggregator import BaseTextAggregator
-from pipecat.utils.text.simple_text_aggregator import SimpleTextAggregator
-
-
-class LLMTextProcessor(FrameProcessor):
-    """A processor for handling or manipulating LLM text frames before they are processed further.
-
-    This processor will convert LLMTextFrames into AggregatedTextFrames based on the configured
-    text aggregator. Using the customizable aggregator, it provides functionality to handle or
-    manipulate LLM text frames before they are sent to other components such as TTS services or
-    context aggregators. It can be used to pre-aggregate and categorize, modify, or filter direct
-    output tokens from the LLM.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, *, text_aggregator: Optional[BaseTextAggregator] = None, **kwargs):
-        """Initialize the LLM text processor.
-
-        Args:
-            text_aggregator: An optional text aggregator to use for processing LLM text frames. By
-                default, a SimpleTextAggregator aggregating by sentence will be used.
-            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to parent class.
-
-        TODO: Allow transformations per aggregation type or all (and deprecate the TTS filters).
-        """
-        super().__init__(**kwargs)
-        self._text_aggregator: BaseTextAggregator = text_aggregator or SimpleTextAggregator()
-
-    async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
-        """Process an LLMTextFrames using the aggregator to generate AggregatedTextFrames.
-
-        Args:
-            frame: The frame to process.
-            direction: The direction of frame flow in the pipeline.
-        """
-        await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
-
-        if isinstance(frame, InterruptionFrame):
-            await self._handle_interruption(frame)
-            await self.push_frame(frame, direction)
-        elif isinstance(frame, LLMTextFrame):
-            await self._handle_llm_text(frame)
-        elif isinstance(frame, LLMFullResponseEndFrame):
-            await self._handle_llm_end(frame.skip_tts)
-            await self.push_frame(frame, direction)
-        elif isinstance(frame, EndFrame):
-            await self._handle_llm_end()
-            await self.push_frame(frame, direction)
-        else:
-            await self.push_frame(frame, direction)
-
-    async def _handle_interruption(self, _):
-        """Handle interruptions by resetting the text aggregator."""
-        await self._text_aggregator.handle_interruption()
-
-    async def reset(self):
-        """Reset the internal state of the text processor and its aggregator."""
-        await self._text_aggregator.reset()
-
-    async def _handle_llm_text(self, in_frame: LLMTextFrame):
-        aggregation = await self._text_aggregator.aggregate(in_frame.text)
-        if aggregation:
-            out_frame = AggregatedTextFrame(
-                text=aggregation.text,
-                aggregated_by=aggregation.type,
-            )
-            out_frame.skip_tts = in_frame.skip_tts
-            await self.push_frame(out_frame)
-
-    async def _handle_llm_end(self, skip_tts: bool = False):
-        # Flush any remaining aggregated text at the end of the LLM response
-        aggregation = self._text_aggregator.text
-        await self._text_aggregator.reset()
-        text = aggregation.text.strip()
-        if text:
-            out_frame = AggregatedTextFrame(
-                text=text,
-                aggregated_by=aggregation.type,
-            )
-            out_frame.skip_tts = skip_tts
-            await self.push_frame(out_frame)

src/pipecat/processors/consumer_processor.py

@@ -83,4 +83,4 @@ class ConsumerProcessor(FrameProcessor):
         while True:
             frame = await self._queue.get()
             new_frame = await self._transformer(frame)
-            await self.push_frame(new_frame, self._direction)
+            await self.queue_frame(new_frame, self._direction)

src/pipecat/processors/filters/wake_check_filter.py

@@ -126,6 +126,4 @@ class WakeCheckFilter(FrameProcessor):
             else:
                 await self.push_frame(frame, direction)
         except Exception as e:
-            error_msg = f"Error in wake word filter: {e}"
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error in wake word filter: {e}", exception=e)
-            logger.exception(error_msg)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error_msg))

src/pipecat/processors/frame_processor.py

@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@ class FrameProcessor(BaseObject):
     - on_after_process_frame: Called after a frame is processed
     - on_before_push_frame: Called before a frame is pushed
     - on_after_push_frame: Called after a frame is pushed
+    - on_error: Called when an error is raised in the frame processing.
     """
 
     def __init__(
@@ -234,6 +235,7 @@ class FrameProcessor(BaseObject):
         self._register_event_handler("on_after_process_frame", sync=True)
         self._register_event_handler("on_before_push_frame", sync=True)
         self._register_event_handler("on_after_push_frame", sync=True)
+        self._register_event_handler("on_error", sync=True)
 
     @property
     def id(self) -> int:
@@ -630,7 +632,45 @@ class FrameProcessor(BaseObject):
         elif isinstance(frame, (FrameProcessorResumeFrame, FrameProcessorResumeUrgentFrame)):
             await self.__resume(frame)
 
-    async def push_error(self, error: ErrorFrame):
+    async def push_error(
+        self,
+        error_msg: Optional[str] = None,
+        exception: Optional[Exception] = None,
+        fatal: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """Creates and pushes an ErrorFrame upstream.
+
+        Creates and pushes an ErrorFrame upstream to notify other processors in the
+        pipeline about an error condition. The error frame will include context about
+        which processor generated the error.
+
+        Args:
+            error_msg: Optional descriptive message explaining the error condition.
+            exception: Optional exception object that caused the error, if available.
+                This provides additional context for debugging and error handling.
+            fatal: Whether this error should be considered fatal to the pipeline.
+                Fatal errors typically cause the entire pipeline to stop processing.
+                Defaults to False for non-fatal errors.
+
+        Example:
+            ```python
+            # Non-fatal error
+            await self.push_error("Failed to process audio chunk, skipping")
+
+            # Fatal error with exception context
+            try:
+                result = some_critical_operation()
+            except Exception as e:
+                await self.push_error("Critical operation failed", exception=e, fatal=True)
+            ```
+        """
+        error_message = error_msg or f"{self} exception: {exception}"
+        error_frame = ErrorFrame(
+            error=error_message, fatal=fatal, exception=exception, processor=self
+        )
+        await self.push_error_frame(error=error_frame)
+
+    async def push_error_frame(self, error: ErrorFrame):
         """Push an error frame upstream.
 
         Args:
@@ -638,6 +678,8 @@ class FrameProcessor(BaseObject):
         """
         if not error.processor:
             error.processor = self
+        await self._call_event_handler("on_error", error)
+        logger.error(error.error)
         await self.push_frame(error, FrameDirection.UPSTREAM)
 
     async def push_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection = FrameDirection.DOWNSTREAM):
@@ -759,8 +801,10 @@ class FrameProcessor(BaseObject):
                 await self.__cancel_process_task()
                 self.__create_process_task()
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.exception(f"Uncaught exception in {self} when handling _start_interruption: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(str(e)))
+                error_msg=f"Uncaught exception in {self} when handling _start_interruption: {e}",
+                exception=e,
+            )
 
     async def __internal_push_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
         """Internal method to push frames to adjacent processors.
@@ -797,8 +841,7 @@ class FrameProcessor(BaseObject):
                     await self._observer.on_push_frame(data)
                 await self._prev.queue_frame(frame, direction)
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.exception(f"Uncaught exception in {self}: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(str(e)))
 
     def _check_started(self, frame: Frame):
         """Check if the processor has been started.
@@ -874,8 +917,7 @@ class FrameProcessor(BaseObject):
 
             await self._call_event_handler("on_after_process_frame", frame)
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.exception(f"{self}: error processing frame: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"{self}: error processing frame: {e}", exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(str(e)))
 
     async def __input_frame_task_handler(self):
         """Handle frames from the input queue.

src/pipecat/processors/frameworks/langchain.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ try:
     from langchain_core.messages import AIMessageChunk
     from langchain_core.runnables import Runnable
 except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
-    logger.exception("In order to use Langchain, you need to `pip install pipecat-ai[langchain]`. ")
+    logger.error("In order to use Langchain, you need to `pip install pipecat-ai[langchain]`. ")
     raise Exception(f"Missing module: {e}")
 
 
@@ -113,6 +113,6 @@ class LangchainProcessor(FrameProcessor):
         except GeneratorExit:
             logger.warning(f"{self} generator was closed prematurely")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.exception(f"{self} an unknown error occurred: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
         finally:
             await self.push_frame(LLMFullResponseEndFrame())

src/pipecat/processors/frameworks/rtvi.py

@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ from typing import (
     Literal,
     Mapping,
     Optional,
-    Tuple,
     Union,
 )
 
@@ -33,8 +32,6 @@ from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, PrivateAttr, ValidationError
 
 from pipecat.audio.utils import calculate_audio_volume
 from pipecat.frames.frames import (
-    AggregatedTextFrame,
-    AggregationType,
     BotStartedSpeakingFrame,
     BotStoppedSpeakingFrame,
     CancelFrame,
@@ -707,29 +704,6 @@ class RTVITextMessageData(BaseModel):
     text: str
 
 
-class RTVIBotOutputMessageData(RTVITextMessageData):
-    """Data for bot output RTVI messages.
-
-    Extends RTVITextMessageData to include metadata about the output.
-    """
-
-    spoken: bool = False  # Indicates if the text has been spoken by TTS
-    aggregated_by: AggregationType | str
-    # Indicates what form the text is in (e.g., by word, sentence, etc.)
-
-
-class RTVIBotOutputMessage(BaseModel):
-    """Message containing bot output text.
-
-    An event meant to holistically represent what the bot is outputting,
-    along with metadata about the output and if it has been spoken.
-    """
-
-    label: RTVIMessageLiteral = RTVI_MESSAGE_LABEL
-    type: Literal["bot-output"] = "bot-output"
-    data: RTVIBotOutputMessageData
-
-
 class RTVIBotTranscriptionMessage(BaseModel):
     """Message containing bot transcription text.
 
@@ -922,7 +896,6 @@ class RTVIObserverParams:
         Parameter `errors_enabled` is deprecated. Error messages are always enabled.
 
     Parameters:
-        bot_output_enabled: Indicates if bot output messages should be sent.
         bot_llm_enabled: Indicates if the bot's LLM messages should be sent.
         bot_tts_enabled: Indicates if the bot's TTS messages should be sent.
         bot_speaking_enabled: Indicates if the bot's started/stopped speaking messages should be sent.
@@ -934,17 +907,9 @@ class RTVIObserverParams:
         metrics_enabled: Indicates if metrics messages should be sent.
         system_logs_enabled: Indicates if system logs should be sent.
         errors_enabled: [Deprecated] Indicates if errors messages should be sent.
-        skip_aggregator_types: List of aggregation types to skip sending as tts/output messages.
-          Note: if using this to avoid sending secure information, be sure to also disable
-                bot_llm_enabled to avoid leaking through LLM messages.
-        bot_output_transforms: A list of callables to transform text before just before sending it
-            to TTS. Each callable takes the aggregated text and its type, and returns the
-            transformed text. To register, provide a list of tuples of
-            (aggregation_type | '*', transform_function).
         audio_level_period_secs: How often audio levels should be sent if enabled.
     """
 
-    bot_output_enabled: bool = True
     bot_llm_enabled: bool = True
     bot_tts_enabled: bool = True
     bot_speaking_enabled: bool = True
@@ -956,15 +921,6 @@ class RTVIObserverParams:
     metrics_enabled: bool = True
     system_logs_enabled: bool = False
     errors_enabled: Optional[bool] = None
-    skip_aggregator_types: Optional[List[AggregationType | str]] = None
-    bot_output_transforms: Optional[
-        List[
-            Tuple[
-                AggregationType | str,
-                Callable[[str, AggregationType | str], Awaitable[str]],
-            ]
-        ]
-    ] = None
     audio_level_period_secs: float = 0.15
 
 
@@ -1017,45 +973,8 @@ class RTVIObserver(BaseObserver):
                     DeprecationWarning,
                 )
 
-        self._aggregation_transforms: List[
-            Tuple[AggregationType | str, Callable[[str, AggregationType | str], Awaitable[str]]]
-        ] = self._params.bot_output_transforms or []
-
-    def add_bot_output_transformer(
-        self,
-        transform_function: Callable[[str, AggregationType | str], Awaitable[str]],
-        aggregation_type: AggregationType | str = "*",
-    ):
-        """Transform text for a specific aggregation type before sending as Bot Output or TTS.
-
-        Args:
-            transform_function: The function to apply for transformation. This function should take
-                the text and aggregation type as input and return the transformed text.
-                Ex.: async def my_transform(text: str, aggregation_type: str) -> str:
-            aggregation_type: The type of aggregation to transform. This value defaults to "*" to
-                handle all text before sending to the client.
-        """
-        self._aggregation_transforms.append((aggregation_type, transform_function))
-
-    def remove_bot_output_transformer(
-        self,
-        transform_function: Callable[[str, AggregationType | str], Awaitable[str]],
-        aggregation_type: AggregationType | str = "*",
-    ):
-        """Remove a text transformer for a specific aggregation type.
-
-        Args:
-            transform_function: The function to remove.
-            aggregation_type: The type of aggregation to remove the transformer for.
-        """
-        self._aggregation_transforms = [
-            (agg_type, func)
-            for agg_type, func in self._aggregation_transforms
-            if not (agg_type == aggregation_type and func == transform_function)
-        ]
-
     async def _logger_sink(self, message):
-        """Logger sink so we can send system logs to RTVI clients."""
+        """Logger sink so we cna send system logs to RTVI clients."""
         message = RTVISystemLogMessage(data=RTVITextMessageData(text=message))
         await self.send_rtvi_message(message)
 
@@ -1129,15 +1048,12 @@ class RTVIObserver(BaseObserver):
             await self.send_rtvi_message(RTVIBotTTSStartedMessage())
         elif isinstance(frame, TTSStoppedFrame) and self._params.bot_tts_enabled:
             await self.send_rtvi_message(RTVIBotTTSStoppedMessage())
-        elif isinstance(frame, AggregatedTextFrame) and (
+        elif isinstance(frame, TTSTextFrame) and self._params.bot_tts_enabled:
-            self._params.bot_output_enabled or self._params.bot_tts_enabled
+            if isinstance(src, BaseOutputTransport):
-        ):
+                message = RTVIBotTTSTextMessage(data=RTVITextMessageData(text=frame.text))
-            if isinstance(frame, TTSTextFrame) and not isinstance(src, BaseOutputTransport):
+                await self.send_rtvi_message(message)
-                # This check is to make sure we handle the frame when it has gone
-                # through the transport and has correct timing.
-                mark_as_seen = False
             else:
-                await self._handle_aggregated_llm_text(frame)
+                mark_as_seen = False
         elif isinstance(frame, MetricsFrame) and self._params.metrics_enabled:
             await self._handle_metrics(frame)
         elif isinstance(frame, RTVIServerMessageFrame):
@@ -1168,6 +1084,15 @@ class RTVIObserver(BaseObserver):
         if mark_as_seen:
             self._frames_seen.add(frame.id)
 
+    async def _push_bot_transcription(self):
+        """Push accumulated bot transcription as a message."""
+        if len(self._bot_transcription) > 0:
+            message = RTVIBotTranscriptionMessage(
+                data=RTVITextMessageData(text=self._bot_transcription)
+            )
+            await self.send_rtvi_message(message)
+            self._bot_transcription = ""
+
     async def _handle_interruptions(self, frame: Frame):
         """Handle user speaking interruption frames."""
         message = None
@@ -1190,45 +1115,14 @@ class RTVIObserver(BaseObserver):
         if message:
             await self.send_rtvi_message(message)
 
-    async def _handle_aggregated_llm_text(self, frame: AggregatedTextFrame):
-        """Handle aggregated LLM text output frames."""
-        # Skip certain aggregator types if configured to do so.
-        if (
-            self._params.skip_aggregator_types
-            and frame.aggregated_by in self._params.skip_aggregator_types
-        ):
-            return
-
-        text = frame.text
-        type = frame.aggregated_by
-        for aggregation_type, transform in self._aggregation_transforms:
-            if aggregation_type == type or aggregation_type == "*":
-                text = await transform(text, type)
-
-        isTTS = isinstance(frame, TTSTextFrame)
-        if self._params.bot_output_enabled:
-            message = RTVIBotOutputMessage(
-                data=RTVIBotOutputMessageData(text=text, spoken=isTTS, aggregated_by=type)
-            )
-            await self.send_rtvi_message(message)
-
-        if isTTS and self._params.bot_tts_enabled:
-            tts_message = RTVIBotTTSTextMessage(data=RTVITextMessageData(text=text))
-            await self.send_rtvi_message(tts_message)
-
     async def _handle_llm_text_frame(self, frame: LLMTextFrame):
         """Handle LLM text output frames."""
         message = RTVIBotLLMTextMessage(data=RTVITextMessageData(text=frame.text))
         await self.send_rtvi_message(message)
 
-        # TODO (mrkb): Remove all this logic when we fully deprecate bot-transcription messages.
         self._bot_transcription += frame.text
-
+        if match_endofsentence(self._bot_transcription):
-        if match_endofsentence(self._bot_transcription) and len(self._bot_transcription) > 0:
+            await self._push_bot_transcription()
-            await self.send_rtvi_message(
-                RTVIBotTranscriptionMessage(data=RTVITextMessageData(text=self._bot_transcription))
-            )
-            self._bot_transcription = ""
 
     async def _handle_user_transcriptions(self, frame: Frame):
         """Handle user transcription frames."""
@@ -1354,7 +1248,7 @@ class RTVIProcessor(FrameProcessor):
         # Default to 0.3.0 which is the last version before actually having a
         # "client-version".
         self._client_version = [0, 3, 0]
-        self._llm_skip_tts: bool = False  # Keep in sync with llm_service.py's configuration.
+        self._skip_tts: bool = False  # Keep in sync with llm_service.py
 
         self._registered_actions: Dict[str, RTVIAction] = {}
         self._registered_services: Dict[str, RTVIService] = {}
@@ -1547,7 +1441,7 @@ class RTVIProcessor(FrameProcessor):
         elif isinstance(frame, RTVIActionFrame):
             await self._action_queue.put(frame)
         elif isinstance(frame, LLMConfigureOutputFrame):
-            self._llm_skip_tts = frame.skip_tts
+            self._skip_tts = frame.skip_tts
             await self.push_frame(frame, direction)
         # Other frames
         else:
@@ -1803,9 +1697,9 @@ class RTVIProcessor(FrameProcessor):
         opts = data.options if data.options is not None else RTVISendTextOptions()
         if opts.run_immediately:
             await self.interrupt_bot()
-        cur_llm_skip_tts = self._llm_skip_tts
+        cur_skip_tts = self._skip_tts
         should_skip_tts = not opts.audio_response
-        toggle_skip_tts = cur_llm_skip_tts != should_skip_tts
+        toggle_skip_tts = cur_skip_tts != should_skip_tts
         if toggle_skip_tts:
             output_frame = LLMConfigureOutputFrame(skip_tts=should_skip_tts)
             await self.push_frame(output_frame)
@@ -1815,7 +1709,7 @@ class RTVIProcessor(FrameProcessor):
         )
         await self.push_frame(text_frame)
         if toggle_skip_tts:
-            output_frame = LLMConfigureOutputFrame(skip_tts=cur_llm_skip_tts)
+            output_frame = LLMConfigureOutputFrame(skip_tts=cur_skip_tts)
             await self.push_frame(output_frame)
 
     async def _handle_update_context(self, data: RTVIAppendToContextData):

src/pipecat/processors/frameworks/strands_agents.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ try:
     from strands import Agent
     from strands.multiagent.graph import Graph
 except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
-    logger.exception("In order to use Strands Agents, you need to `pip install strands-agents`.")
+    logger.error("In order to use Strands Agents, you need to `pip install strands-agents`.")
     raise Exception(f"Missing module: {e}")
 
 
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ class StrandsAgentsProcessor(FrameProcessor):
         except GeneratorExit:
             logger.warning(f"{self} generator was closed prematurely")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.exception(f"{self} an unknown error occurred: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
         finally:
             if ttfb_tracking:
                 await self.stop_ttfb_metrics()

src/pipecat/processors/transcript_processor.py

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSTextFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection, FrameProcessor
-from pipecat.utils.string import concatenate_aggregated_text
+from pipecat.utils.string import TextPartForConcatenation, concatenate_aggregated_text
 from pipecat.utils.time import time_now_iso8601
 
 
@@ -98,15 +98,9 @@ class AssistantTranscriptProcessor(BaseTranscriptProcessor):
             **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to parent class.
         """
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
-        self._current_text_parts: List[str] = []
+        self._current_text_parts: List[TextPartForConcatenation] = []
         self._aggregation_start_time: Optional[str] = None
 
-        # Whether to add spaces between text parts.
-        # (The use of this could be expanded to the UserTranscriptProcessor in
-        # the future if needed; currently the UserTranscriptProcessor assumes
-        # that user transcription frames do not need aggregation).
-        self._add_spaces = True
-
     async def _emit_aggregated_text(self):
         """Aggregates and emits text fragments as a transcript message.
 
@@ -147,7 +141,7 @@ class AssistantTranscriptProcessor(BaseTranscriptProcessor):
                 Result: "Hello there how are you"
         """
         if self._current_text_parts and self._aggregation_start_time:
-            content = concatenate_aggregated_text(self._current_text_parts, self._add_spaces)
+            content = concatenate_aggregated_text(self._current_text_parts)
             if content:
                 logger.trace(f"Emitting aggregated assistant message: {content}")
                 message = TranscriptionMessage(
@@ -191,11 +185,11 @@ class AssistantTranscriptProcessor(BaseTranscriptProcessor):
             if not self._aggregation_start_time:
                 self._aggregation_start_time = time_now_iso8601()
 
-            # Track whether we need to add spaces between text parts
+            self._current_text_parts.append(
-            # Assumption: we can just keep track of the latest frame's value
+                TextPartForConcatenation(
-            self._add_spaces = not frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces
+                    frame.text, includes_inter_part_spaces=frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces
-
+                )
-            self._current_text_parts.append(frame.text)
+            )
 
             # Push frame.
             await self.push_frame(frame, direction)

src/pipecat/runner/run.py

@@ -264,7 +264,10 @@ def _setup_webrtc_routes(
         # Prepare runner arguments with the callback to run your bot
         async def webrtc_connection_callback(connection):
             bot_module = _get_bot_module()
-            runner_args = SmallWebRTCRunnerArguments(webrtc_connection=connection)
+
+            runner_args = SmallWebRTCRunnerArguments(
+                webrtc_connection=connection, body=request.request_data
+            )
             background_tasks.add_task(bot_module.bot, runner_args)
 
         # Delegate handling to SmallWebRTCRequestHandler
@@ -326,7 +329,8 @@ def _setup_webrtc_routes(
                         type=request_data["type"],
                         pc_id=request_data.get("pc_id"),
                         restart_pc=request_data.get("restart_pc"),
-                        request_data=request_data,
+                        request_data=request_data.get("request_data")
+                        or request_data.get("requestData"),
                     )
                     return await offer(webrtc_request, background_tasks)
                 elif request.method == HTTPMethod.PATCH.value:

src/pipecat/runner/utils.py

@@ -281,6 +281,14 @@ async def maybe_capture_participant_camera(
     except ImportError:
         pass
 
+    try:
+        from pipecat.transports.smallwebrtc.transport import SmallWebRTCTransport
+
+        if isinstance(transport, SmallWebRTCTransport):
+            await transport.capture_participant_video(video_source="camera")
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
 
 async def maybe_capture_participant_screen(
     transport: BaseTransport, client: Any, framerate: int = 0
@@ -303,6 +311,14 @@ async def maybe_capture_participant_screen(
     except ImportError:
         pass
 
+    try:
+        from pipecat.transports.smallwebrtc.transport import SmallWebRTCTransport
+
+        if isinstance(transport, SmallWebRTCTransport):
+            await transport.capture_participant_video(video_source="screenVideo")
+    except ImportError:
+        pass
+
 
 def _smallwebrtc_sdp_cleanup_ice_candidates(text: str, pattern: str) -> str:
     """Clean up ICE candidates in SDP text for SmallWebRTC.

src/pipecat/serializers/plivo.py

@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ class PlivoFrameSerializer(FrameSerializer):
                         )
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.exception(f"Failed to hang up Plivo call: {e}")
+            logger.error(f"Failed to hang up Plivo call: {e}")
 
     async def deserialize(self, data: str | bytes) -> Frame | None:
         """Deserializes Plivo WebSocket data to Pipecat frames.

src/pipecat/serializers/telnyx.py

@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ class TelnyxFrameSerializer(FrameSerializer):
                         )
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.exception(f"Failed to hang up Telnyx call: {e}")
+            logger.error(f"Failed to hang up Telnyx call: {e}")
 
     async def deserialize(self, data: str | bytes) -> Frame | None:
         """Deserializes Telnyx WebSocket data to Pipecat frames.

src/pipecat/serializers/twilio.py

@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ class TwilioFrameSerializer(FrameSerializer):
                         )
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.exception(f"Failed to hang up Twilio call: {e}")
+            logger.error(f"Failed to hang up Twilio call: {e}")
 
     async def deserialize(self, data: str | bytes) -> Frame | None:
         """Deserializes Twilio WebSocket data to Pipecat frames.

src/pipecat/services/ai_service.py

@@ -166,6 +166,6 @@ class AIService(FrameProcessor):
         async for f in generator:
             if f:
                 if isinstance(f, ErrorFrame):
-                    await self.push_error(f)
+                    await self.push_error_frame(f)
                 else:
                     await self.push_frame(f)

src/pipecat/services/anthropic/llm.py

@@ -373,9 +373,7 @@ class AnthropicLLMService(LLMService):
 
                 if event.type == "content_block_delta":
                     if hasattr(event.delta, "text"):
-                        frame = LLMTextFrame(event.delta.text)
+                        await self.push_frame(LLMTextFrame(event.delta.text))
-                        frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces = True
-                        await self.push_frame(frame)
                         completion_tokens_estimate += self._estimate_tokens(event.delta.text)
                     elif hasattr(event.delta, "partial_json") and tool_use_block:
                         json_accumulator += event.delta.partial_json
@@ -460,8 +458,7 @@ class AnthropicLLMService(LLMService):
         except httpx.TimeoutException:
             await self._call_event_handler("on_completion_timeout")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.exception(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(f"{e}"))
         finally:
             await self.stop_processing_metrics()
             await self.push_frame(LLMFullResponseEndFrame())

src/pipecat/services/assemblyai/stt.py

@@ -206,9 +206,8 @@ class AssemblyAISTTService(STTService):
 
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connected")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             self._connected = False
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
             raise
 
     async def _disconnect(self):
@@ -233,8 +232,7 @@ class AssemblyAISTTService(STTService):
                     logger.warning("Timed out waiting for termination message from server")
 
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+                await self.push_error(exception=e)
-                await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
 
             if self._receive_task:
                 await self.cancel_task(self._receive_task)
@@ -242,8 +240,7 @@ class AssemblyAISTTService(STTService):
             await self._websocket.close()
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
 
         finally:
             self._websocket = None
@@ -262,13 +259,11 @@ class AssemblyAISTTService(STTService):
                 except websockets.exceptions.ConnectionClosedOK:
                     break
                 except Exception as e:
-                    logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+                    await self.push_error(exception=e)
-                    await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
                     break
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
 
     def _parse_message(self, message: Dict[str, Any]) -> BaseMessage:
         """Parse a raw message into the appropriate message type."""
@@ -297,8 +292,7 @@ class AssemblyAISTTService(STTService):
             elif isinstance(parsed_message, TerminationMessage):
                 await self._handle_termination(parsed_message)
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
 
     async def _handle_termination(self, message: TerminationMessage):
         """Handle termination message."""

src/pipecat/services/asyncai/tts.py

@@ -146,15 +146,6 @@ class AsyncAITTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that AsyncAI TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that AsyncAI's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     def language_to_service_language(self, language: Language) -> Optional[str]:
         """Convert a Language enum to Async language format.
 
@@ -237,8 +228,7 @@ class AsyncAITTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
 
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connected")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
             self._websocket = None
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connection_error", f"{e}")
 
@@ -250,8 +240,7 @@ class AsyncAITTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                 logger.debug("Disconnecting from Async")
                 await self._websocket.close()
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
         finally:
             self._websocket = None
             self._started = False
@@ -296,12 +285,11 @@ class AsyncAITTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                 )
                 await self.push_frame(frame)
             elif msg.get("error_code"):
-                logger.error(f"{self} error: {msg}")
                 await self.push_frame(TTSStoppedFrame())
                 await self.stop_all_metrics()
-                await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {msg['message']}"))
+                await self.push_error(error_msg=f"{self} error: {msg['message']}")
             else:
-                logger.error(f"{self} error, unknown message type: {msg}")
+                await self.push_error(error_msg=f"{self} error, unknown message type: {msg}")
 
     async def _keepalive_task_handler(self):
         """Send periodic keepalive messages to maintain WebSocket connection."""
@@ -344,7 +332,6 @@ class AsyncAITTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                 await self._get_websocket().send(msg)
                 await self.start_tts_usage_metrics(text)
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
                 yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
                 yield TTSStoppedFrame()
                 await self._disconnect()
@@ -352,7 +339,6 @@ class AsyncAITTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                 return
             yield None
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
 
 
@@ -433,15 +419,6 @@ class AsyncAIHttpTTSService(TTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that AsyncAI TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that AsyncAI's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     def language_to_service_language(self, language: Language) -> Optional[str]:
         """Convert a Language enum to Async language format.
 
@@ -495,8 +472,7 @@ class AsyncAIHttpTTSService(TTSService):
             async with self._session.post(url, json=payload, headers=headers) as response:
                 if response.status != 200:
                     error_text = await response.text()
-                    logger.error(f"Async API error: {error_text}")
+                    yield ErrorFrame(error=f"Async API error: {error_text}")
-                    await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"Async API error: {error_text}"))
                     raise Exception(f"Async API returned status {response.status}: {error_text}")
 
                 audio_data = await response.read()
@@ -512,8 +488,7 @@ class AsyncAIHttpTTSService(TTSService):
             yield frame
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
         finally:
             await self.stop_ttfb_metrics()
             yield TTSStoppedFrame()

src/pipecat/services/aws/llm.py

@@ -1078,9 +1078,7 @@ class AWSBedrockLLMService(LLMService):
                     if "contentBlockDelta" in event:
                         delta = event["contentBlockDelta"]["delta"]
                         if "text" in delta:
-                            frame = LLMTextFrame(delta["text"])
+                            await self.push_frame(LLMTextFrame(delta["text"]))
-                            frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces = True
-                            await self.push_frame(frame)
                             completion_tokens_estimate += self._estimate_tokens(delta["text"])
                         elif "toolUse" in delta and "input" in delta["toolUse"]:
                             # Handle partial JSON for tool use
@@ -1138,7 +1136,7 @@ class AWSBedrockLLMService(LLMService):
         except (ReadTimeoutError, asyncio.TimeoutError):
             await self._call_event_handler("on_completion_timeout")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.exception(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
         finally:
             await self.stop_processing_metrics()
             await self.push_frame(LLMFullResponseEndFrame())

src/pipecat/services/aws/nova_sonic/llm.py

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 from pipecat.adapters.schemas.tools_schema import ToolsSchema
 from pipecat.adapters.services.aws_nova_sonic_adapter import AWSNovaSonicLLMAdapter, Role
 from pipecat.frames.frames import (
-    AggregationType,
     BotStoppedSpeakingFrame,
     CancelFrame,
     EndFrame,
@@ -453,7 +452,7 @@ class AWSNovaSonicLLMService(LLMService):
             self._ready_to_send_context = True
             await self._finish_connecting_if_context_available()
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} initialization error: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
             await self._disconnect()
 
     async def _process_completed_function_calls(self, send_new_results: bool):
@@ -577,7 +576,7 @@ class AWSNovaSonicLLMService(LLMService):
 
             logger.info("Finished disconnecting")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} error disconnecting: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error disconnecting: {e}", exception=e)
 
     def _create_client(self) -> BedrockRuntimeClient:
         config = Config(
@@ -885,7 +884,7 @@ class AWSNovaSonicLLMService(LLMService):
                 # Errors are kind of expected while disconnecting, so just
                 # ignore them and do nothing
                 return
-            logger.error(f"{self} error processing responses: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
             if self._wants_connection:
                 await self.reset_conversation()
 
@@ -1028,7 +1027,7 @@ class AWSNovaSonicLLMService(LLMService):
         logger.debug(f"Assistant response text added: {text}")
 
         # Report the text of the assistant response.
-        frame = TTSTextFrame(text, aggregated_by=AggregationType.SENTENCE)
+        frame = TTSTextFrame(text)
         frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces = True
         await self.push_frame(frame)
 
@@ -1063,9 +1062,7 @@ class AWSNovaSonicLLMService(LLMService):
                 # TTSTextFrame would be ignored otherwise (the interruption frame
                 # would have cleared the assistant aggregator state).
                 await self.push_frame(LLMFullResponseStartFrame())
-                frame = TTSTextFrame(
+                frame = TTSTextFrame(self._assistant_text_buffer)
-                    self._assistant_text_buffer, aggregated_by=AggregationType.SENTENCE
-                )
                 frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces = True
                 await self.push_frame(frame)
             self._may_need_repush_assistant_text = False

src/pipecat/services/aws/stt.py

@@ -140,8 +140,7 @@ class AWSTranscribeSTTService(STTService):
                     return
                 logger.warning("WebSocket connection not established after connect")
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+                await self.push_error(exception=e)
-                await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
                 retry_count += 1
                 if retry_count < max_retries:
                     await asyncio.sleep(1)  # Wait before retrying
@@ -182,7 +181,6 @@ class AWSTranscribeSTTService(STTService):
                 try:
                     await self._connect()
                 except Exception as e:
-                    logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
                     yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
                     return
 
@@ -200,12 +198,10 @@ class AWSTranscribeSTTService(STTService):
                 await self._disconnect()
                 # Don't yield error here - we'll retry on next frame
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
                 yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
                 await self._disconnect()
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
             await self._disconnect()
 
@@ -289,8 +285,7 @@ class AWSTranscribeSTTService(STTService):
 
                 await self._call_event_handler("on_connected")
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+                await self.push_error(exception=e)
-                await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
                 await self._disconnect()
                 raise
 
@@ -310,8 +305,7 @@ class AWSTranscribeSTTService(STTService):
                 await self._ws_client.send(json.dumps(end_stream))
             await self._ws_client.close()
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
         finally:
             self._ws_client = None
             await self._call_event_handler("on_disconnected")
@@ -529,15 +523,15 @@ class AWSTranscribeSTTService(STTService):
                                     )
                 elif headers.get(":message-type") == "exception":
                     error_msg = payload.get("Message", "Unknown error")
-                    logger.error(f"{self} Exception from AWS: {error_msg}")
+                    await self.push_error(error_msg=f"AWS Transcribe error: {error_msg}")
-                    await self.push_frame(ErrorFrame(f"AWS Transcribe error: {error_msg}"))
                 else:
                     logger.debug(f"{self} Other message type received: {headers}")
                     logger.debug(f"{self} Payload: {payload}")
             except websockets.exceptions.ConnectionClosed as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} WebSocket connection closed in receive loop: {e}")
+                await self.push_error(
+                    error_msg=f"WebSocket connection closed in receive loop", exception=e
+                )
                 break
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+                await self.push_error(exception=e)
-                await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
                 break

src/pipecat/services/aws/tts.py

@@ -209,15 +209,6 @@ class AWSPollyTTSService(TTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that AWS TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that AWS's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     def language_to_service_language(self, language: Language) -> Optional[str]:
         """Convert a Language enum to AWS Polly language format.
 
@@ -321,7 +312,6 @@ class AWSPollyTTSService(TTSService):
 
                 yield TTSStoppedFrame()
         except (BotoCoreError, ClientError) as error:
-            logger.exception(f"{self} error generating TTS: {error}")
             error_message = f"AWS Polly TTS error: {str(error)}"
             yield ErrorFrame(error=error_message)
 

src/pipecat/services/azure/image.py

@@ -91,7 +91,6 @@ class AzureImageGenServiceREST(ImageGenService):
             while status != "succeeded":
                 attempts_left -= 1
                 if attempts_left == 0:
-                    logger.error(f"{self} error: image generation timed out")
                     yield ErrorFrame("Image generation timed out")
                     return
 
@@ -104,7 +103,6 @@ class AzureImageGenServiceREST(ImageGenService):
 
             image_url = json_response["result"]["data"][0]["url"] if json_response else None
             if not image_url:
-                logger.error(f"{self} error: image generation failed")
                 yield ErrorFrame("Image generation failed")
                 return
 

src/pipecat/services/azure/realtime/llm.py

@@ -61,5 +61,5 @@ class AzureRealtimeLLMService(OpenAIRealtimeLLMService):
             )
             self._receive_task = self.create_task(self._receive_task_handler())
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} initialization error: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
             self._websocket = None

src/pipecat/services/azure/stt.py

@@ -121,7 +121,6 @@ class AzureSTTService(STTService):
                 self._audio_stream.write(audio)
             yield None
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
@@ -151,8 +150,9 @@ class AzureSTTService(STTService):
             self._speech_recognizer.recognized.connect(self._on_handle_recognized)
             self._speech_recognizer.start_continuous_recognition_async()
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception during initialization: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
+                error_msg=f"{self} exception during initialization: {e}", exception=e
+            )
 
     async def stop(self, frame: EndFrame):
         """Stop the speech recognition service.

src/pipecat/services/azure/tts.py

@@ -151,15 +151,6 @@ class AzureBaseTTSService(TTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that Azure TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that Azure's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     def language_to_service_language(self, language: Language) -> Optional[str]:
         """Convert a Language enum to Azure language format.
 
@@ -336,7 +327,6 @@ class AzureTTSService(AzureBaseTTSService):
         try:
             if self._speech_synthesizer is None:
                 error_msg = "Speech synthesizer not initialized."
-                logger.error(error_msg)
                 yield ErrorFrame(error=error_msg)
                 return
 
@@ -364,14 +354,12 @@ class AzureTTSService(AzureBaseTTSService):
                 yield TTSStoppedFrame()
 
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
                 yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
                 yield TTSStoppedFrame()
                 # Could add reconnection logic here if needed
                 return
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
 
 
@@ -449,5 +437,4 @@ class AzureHttpTTSService(AzureBaseTTSService):
             cancellation_details = result.cancellation_details
             logger.warning(f"Speech synthesis canceled: {cancellation_details.reason}")
             if cancellation_details.reason == CancellationReason.Error:
-                logger.error(f"{self} error: {cancellation_details.error_details}")
                 yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {cancellation_details.error_details}")

src/pipecat/services/cartesia/stt.py

@@ -276,8 +276,7 @@ class CartesiaSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
             self._websocket = await websocket_connect(ws_url, additional_headers=headers)
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connected")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
 
     async def _disconnect_websocket(self):
         try:
@@ -285,8 +284,7 @@ class CartesiaSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
                 logger.debug("Disconnecting from Cartesia STT")
                 await self._websocket.close()
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} error closing websocket: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"{self} error closing websocket: {e}", exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
         finally:
             self._websocket = None
             await self._call_event_handler("on_disconnected")
@@ -319,8 +317,7 @@ class CartesiaSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
 
             elif data["type"] == "error":
                 error_msg = data.get("message", "Unknown error")
-                logger.error(f"Cartesia error: {error_msg}")
+                await self.push_error(error_msg=error_msg)
-                await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=error_msg))
 
     @traced_stt
     async def _handle_transcription(

src/pipecat/services/cartesia/tts.py

@@ -10,8 +10,7 @@ import base64
 import json
 import uuid
 import warnings
-from enum import Enum
+from typing import AsyncGenerator, List, Literal, Optional, Union
-from typing import AsyncGenerator, List, Literal, Optional
 
 from loguru import logger
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
@@ -126,72 +125,6 @@ def language_to_cartesia_language(language: Language) -> Optional[str]:
     return resolve_language(language, LANGUAGE_MAP, use_base_code=True)
 
 
-class CartesiaEmotion(str, Enum):
-    """Predefined Emotions supported by Cartesia."""
-
-    # Primary emotions supported by Cartesia
-    NEUTRAL = "neutral"
-    ANGRY = "angry"
-    EXCITED = "excited"
-    CONTENT = "content"
-    SAD = "sad"
-    SCARED = "scared"
-    # Additional emotions supported by Cartesia
-    HAPPY = "happy"
-    ENTHUSIASTIC = "enthusiastic"
-    ELATED = "elated"
-    EUPHORIC = "euphoric"
-    TRIUMPHANT = "triumphant"
-    AMAZED = "amazed"
-    SURPRISED = "surprised"
-    FLIRTATIOUS = "flirtatious"
-    JOKING_COMEDIC = "joking/comedic"
-    CURIOUS = "curious"
-    PEACEFUL = "peaceful"
-    SERENE = "serene"
-    CALM = "calm"
-    GRATEFUL = "grateful"
-    AFFECTIONATE = "affectionate"
-    TRUST = "trust"
-    SYMPATHETIC = "sympathetic"
-    ANTICIPATION = "anticipation"
-    MYSTERIOUS = "mysterious"
-    MAD = "mad"
-    OUTRAGED = "outraged"
-    FRUSTRATED = "frustrated"
-    AGITATED = "agitated"
-    THREATENED = "threatened"
-    DISGUSTED = "disgusted"
-    CONTEMPT = "contempt"
-    ENVIOUS = "envious"
-    SARCASTIC = "sarcastic"
-    IRONIC = "ironic"
-    DEJECTED = "dejected"
-    MELANCHOLIC = "melancholic"
-    DISAPPOINTED = "disappointed"
-    HURT = "hurt"
-    GUILTY = "guilty"
-    BORED = "bored"
-    TIRED = "tired"
-    REJECTED = "rejected"
-    NOSTALGIC = "nostalgic"
-    WISTFUL = "wistful"
-    APOLOGETIC = "apologetic"
-    HESITANT = "hesitant"
-    INSECURE = "insecure"
-    CONFUSED = "confused"
-    RESIGNED = "resigned"
-    ANXIOUS = "anxious"
-    PANICKED = "panicked"
-    ALARMED = "alarmed"
-    PROUD = "proud"
-    CONFIDENT = "confident"
-    DISTANT = "distant"
-    SKEPTICAL = "skeptical"
-    CONTEMPLATIVE = "contemplative"
-    DETERMINED = "determined"
-
-
 class CartesiaTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
     """Cartesia TTS service with WebSocket streaming and word timestamps.
 
@@ -249,10 +182,6 @@ class CartesiaTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
             container: Audio container format.
             params: Additional input parameters for voice customization.
             text_aggregator: Custom text aggregator for processing input text.
-
-                .. deprecated:: 0.0.95
-                    Use an LLMTextProcessor before the TTSService for custom text aggregation.
-
             aggregate_sentences: Whether to aggregate sentences within the TTSService.
             **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to the parent service.
         """
@@ -271,18 +200,10 @@ class CartesiaTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
             push_text_frames=False,
             pause_frame_processing=True,
             sample_rate=sample_rate,
-            text_aggregator=text_aggregator,
+            text_aggregator=text_aggregator or SkipTagsAggregator([("<spell>", "</spell>")]),
             **kwargs,
         )
 
-        if not text_aggregator:
-            # Always skip tags added for spelled-out text
-            # Note: This is primarily to support backwards compatibility.
-            #    The preferred way of taking advantage of Cartesia SSML Tags is
-            #    to use an LLMTextProcessor and/or a text_transformer to identify
-            #    and insert these tags for the purpose of the TTS service alone.
-            self._text_aggregator = SkipTagsAggregator([("<spell>", "</spell>")])
-
         params = params or CartesiaTTSService.InputParams()
 
         self._api_key = api_key
@@ -336,27 +257,6 @@ class CartesiaTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
         """
         return language_to_cartesia_language(language)
 
-    # A set of Cartesia-specific helpers for text transformations
-    def SPELL(text: str) -> str:
-        """Wrap text in Cartesia spell tag."""
-        return f"<spell>{text}</spell>"
-
-    def EMOTION_TAG(emotion: CartesiaEmotion) -> str:
-        """Convenience method to create an emotion tag."""
-        return f'<emotion value="{emotion}" />'
-
-    def PAUSE_TAG(seconds: float) -> str:
-        """Convenience method to create a pause tag."""
-        return f'<break time="{seconds}s" />'
-
-    def VOLUME_TAG(volume: float) -> str:
-        """Convenience method to create a volume tag."""
-        return f'<volume ratio="{volume}" />'
-
-    def SPEED_TAG(speed: float) -> str:
-        """Convenience method to create a speed tag."""
-        return f'<speed ratio="{speed}" />'
-
     def _is_cjk_language(self, language: str) -> bool:
         """Check if the given language is CJK (Chinese, Japanese, Korean).
 
@@ -497,8 +397,7 @@ class CartesiaTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
             )
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connected")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
             self._websocket = None
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connection_error", f"{e}")
 
@@ -510,8 +409,7 @@ class CartesiaTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
                 logger.debug("Disconnecting from Cartesia")
                 await self._websocket.close()
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
         finally:
             self._context_id = None
             self._websocket = None
@@ -564,13 +462,12 @@ class CartesiaTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
                 )
                 await self.append_to_audio_context(msg["context_id"], frame)
             elif msg["type"] == "error":
-                logger.error(f"{self} error: {msg}")
                 await self.push_frame(TTSStoppedFrame())
                 await self.stop_all_metrics()
-                await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {msg['error']}"))
+                await self.push_error(error_msg=f"{self} error: {msg}")
                 self._context_id = None
             else:
-                logger.error(f"{self} error, unknown message type: {msg}")
+                await self.push_error(error_msg=f"{self} error, unknown message type: {msg}")
 
     async def _receive_messages(self):
         while True:
@@ -608,7 +505,6 @@ class CartesiaTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
                 await self._get_websocket().send(msg)
                 await self.start_tts_usage_metrics(text)
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
                 yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
                 yield TTSStoppedFrame()
                 await self._disconnect()
@@ -616,7 +512,6 @@ class CartesiaTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
                 return
             yield None
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
 
 
@@ -808,8 +703,7 @@ class CartesiaHttpTTSService(TTSService):
             async with session.post(url, json=payload, headers=headers) as response:
                 if response.status != 200:
                     error_text = await response.text()
-                    logger.error(f"Cartesia API error: {error_text}")
+                    yield ErrorFrame(error=f"Cartesia API error: {error_text}")
-                    await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"Cartesia API error: {error_text}"))
                     raise Exception(f"Cartesia API returned status {response.status}: {error_text}")
 
                 audio_data = await response.read()
@@ -825,8 +719,7 @@ class CartesiaHttpTTSService(TTSService):
             yield frame
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
         finally:
             await self.stop_ttfb_metrics()
             yield TTSStoppedFrame()

src/pipecat/services/deepgram/flux/stt.py

@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@
 
 """Deepgram Flux speech-to-text service implementation."""
 
+import asyncio
 import json
+import time
 from enum import Enum
 from typing import Any, AsyncGenerator, Dict, Optional
 from urllib.parse import urlencode
@@ -94,6 +96,7 @@ class DeepgramFluxSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
             mip_opt_out: Optional. Opts out requests from the Deepgram Model Improvement Program
                 (default False).
             tag: List of tags to label requests for identification during usage reporting.
+            min_confidence: Optional. Minimum confidence required confidence to create a TranscriptionFrame
         """
 
         eager_eot_threshold: Optional[float] = None
@@ -102,6 +105,7 @@ class DeepgramFluxSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
         keyterm: list = []
         mip_opt_out: Optional[bool] = None
         tag: list = []
+        min_confidence: Optional[float] = None  # New parameter
 
     def __init__(
         self,
@@ -163,6 +167,13 @@ class DeepgramFluxSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
         self._register_event_handler("on_end_of_turn")
         self._register_event_handler("on_eager_end_of_turn")
         self._register_event_handler("on_update")
+        self._connection_established_event = asyncio.Event()
+        # Watchdog task to prevent dangling tasks
+        # If we stop sending audio to Flux after we have received that the User has started speaking
+        # we never receive the user stopped speaking event unless we resume sending audio to it.
+        self._last_stt_time = None
+        self._watchdog_task = None
+        self._user_is_speaking = False
 
     async def _connect(self):
         """Connect to WebSocket and start background tasks.
@@ -172,9 +183,6 @@ class DeepgramFluxSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
         """
         await self._connect_websocket()
 
-        if self._websocket and not self._receive_task:
-            self._receive_task = self.create_task(self._receive_task_handler(self._report_error))
-
     async def _disconnect(self):
         """Disconnect from WebSocket and clean up tasks.
 
@@ -182,21 +190,32 @@ class DeepgramFluxSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
         and cleans up resources to prevent memory leaks.
         """
         try:
-            # Cancel background tasks BEFORE closing websocket
-            if self._receive_task:
-                await self.cancel_task(self._receive_task, timeout=2.0)
-                self._receive_task = None
-
-            # Now close the websocket
             await self._disconnect_websocket()
-
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
         finally:
             # Reset state only after everything is cleaned up
             self._websocket = None
 
+    async def _send_silence(self, duration_secs: float = 0.5):
+        """Send a block of silence of the specified duration (default 500 ms)."""
+        sample_width = 2  # bytes per sample for 16-bit PCM
+        num_channels = 1  # mono
+        num_samples = int(self.sample_rate * duration_secs)
+        silence = b"\x00" * (num_samples * sample_width * num_channels)
+        await self._websocket.send(silence)
+
+    async def _watchdog_task_handler(self):
+        while self._websocket and self._websocket.state is State.OPEN:
+            now = time.monotonic()
+            # More than 500 ms without sending new audio to Flux
+            if self._user_is_speaking and self._last_stt_time and now - self._last_stt_time > 0.5:
+                logger.warning("Sending silence to Flux to prevent dangling task")
+                await self._send_silence()
+                self._last_stt_time = time.monotonic()
+            # check every 100ms
+            await asyncio.sleep(0.1)
+
     async def _connect_websocket(self):
         """Establish WebSocket connection to API.
 
@@ -208,15 +227,30 @@ class DeepgramFluxSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
             if self._websocket and self._websocket.state is State.OPEN:
                 return
 
+            self._connection_established_event.clear()
+            self._user_is_speaking = False
             self._websocket = await websocket_connect(
                 self._websocket_url,
                 additional_headers={"Authorization": f"Token {self._api_key}"},
             )
+
+            # Creating the receiver task
+            if not self._receive_task:
+                self._receive_task = self.create_task(
+                    self._receive_task_handler(self._report_error)
+                )
+
+            # Creating the watchdog task
+            if not self._watchdog_task:
+                self._watchdog_task = self.create_task(self._watchdog_task_handler())
+
+            # Now wait for the connection established event
+            logger.debug("WebSocket connected, waiting for server confirmation...")
+            await self._connection_established_event.wait()
             logger.debug("Connected to Deepgram Flux Websocket")
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connected")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
             self._websocket = None
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connection_error", f"{e}")
 
@@ -227,6 +261,16 @@ class DeepgramFluxSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
         metrics collection. Handles disconnection errors gracefully.
         """
         try:
+            # Cancel background tasks BEFORE closing websocket
+            if self._receive_task:
+                await self.cancel_task(self._receive_task, timeout=2.0)
+                self._receive_task = None
+            if self._watchdog_task:
+                await self.cancel_task(self._watchdog_task, timeout=2.0)
+                self._watchdog_task = None
+                self._last_stt_time = None
+
+            self._connection_established_event.clear()
             await self.stop_all_metrics()
 
             if self._websocket:
@@ -234,8 +278,7 @@ class DeepgramFluxSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
                 logger.debug("Disconnecting from Deepgram Flux Websocket")
                 await self._websocket.close()
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} error closing websocket: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"{self} error closing websocket: {e}", exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
         finally:
             self._websocket = None
             await self._call_event_handler("on_disconnected")
@@ -335,14 +378,13 @@ class DeepgramFluxSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
                 are issues sending the audio data.
         """
         if not self._websocket:
-            logger.error("Not connected to Deepgram Flux.")
             yield ErrorFrame("Not connected to Deepgram Flux.")
             return
 
         try:
-            await self._websocket.send(audio)
+            self._last_stt_time = time.monotonic()
+            await self.send_with_retry(audio, self._report_error)
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
             return
 
@@ -420,8 +462,7 @@ class DeepgramFluxSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
                     # Skip malformed messages
                     continue
                 except Exception as e:
-                    logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+                    await self.push_error(exception=e)
-                    await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
                     # Error will be handled inside WebsocketService->_receive_task_handler
                     raise
             else:
@@ -463,6 +504,8 @@ class DeepgramFluxSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
         transcription processing.
         """
         logger.info("Connected to Flux - ready to stream audio")
+        # Notify connection is established
+        self._connection_established_event.set()
 
     async def _handle_fatal_error(self, data: Dict[str, Any]):
         """Handle fatal error messages from Deepgram Flux.
@@ -530,6 +573,7 @@ class DeepgramFluxSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
             transcript: maybe the first few words of the turn.
         """
         logger.debug("User started speaking")
+        self._user_is_speaking = True
         await self.push_interruption_task_frame_and_wait()
         await self.broadcast_frame(UserStartedSpeakingFrame)
         await self.start_metrics()
@@ -550,6 +594,22 @@ class DeepgramFluxSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
         logger.trace(f"Received event TurnResumed: {event}")
         await self._call_event_handler("on_turn_resumed")
 
+    def _calculate_average_confidence(self, transcript_data) -> Optional[float]:
+        """Calculate the average confidence from transcript data.
+
+        Return None if the data is missing or invalid.
+        """
+        # Example: Assume transcript_data has a list of words with confidence
+        words = transcript_data.get("words")
+        if not words or not isinstance(words, list):
+            return None
+        confidences = [
+            w.get("confidence") for w in words if isinstance(w.get("confidence"), (float, int))
+        ]
+        if not confidences:
+            return None
+        return sum(confidences) / len(confidences)
+
     async def _handle_end_of_turn(self, transcript: str, data: Dict[str, Any]):
         """Handle EndOfTurn events from Deepgram Flux.
 
@@ -569,7 +629,12 @@ class DeepgramFluxSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
             data: The TurnInfo message data containing event type, transcript and some extra metadata.
         """
         logger.debug("User stopped speaking")
+        self._user_is_speaking = False
 
+        # Compute the average confidence
+        average_confidence = self._calculate_average_confidence(data)
+
+        if not self._params.min_confidence or average_confidence > self._params.min_confidence:
             await self.push_frame(
                 TranscriptionFrame(
                     transcript,
@@ -579,6 +644,11 @@ class DeepgramFluxSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
                     result=data,
                 )
             )
+        else:
+            logger.warning(
+                f"Transcription confidence below min_confidence threshold: {average_confidence}"
+            )
+
         await self._handle_transcription(transcript, True, self._language)
         await self.stop_processing_metrics()
         await self.push_frame(UserStoppedSpeakingFrame(), FrameDirection.DOWNSTREAM)

src/pipecat/services/deepgram/stt.py

@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ class DeepgramSTTService(STTService):
             )
 
         if not await self._connection.start(options=self._settings, addons=self._addons):
-            logger.error(f"{self}: unable to connect to Deepgram")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Unable to connect to Deepgram")
 
     async def _disconnect(self):
         if await self._connection.is_connected():
@@ -256,7 +256,7 @@ class DeepgramSTTService(STTService):
     async def _on_error(self, *args, **kwargs):
         error: ErrorResponse = kwargs["error"]
         logger.warning(f"{self} connection error, will retry: {error}")
-        await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{error}"))
+        await self.push_error(error_msg=f"{error}")
         await self.stop_all_metrics()
         # NOTE(aleix): we don't disconnect (i.e. call finish on the connection)
         # because this triggers more errors internally in the Deepgram SDK. So,

src/pipecat/services/deepgram/tts.py

@@ -79,15 +79,6 @@ class DeepgramTTSService(TTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that Deepgram TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that Deepgram's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     @traced_tts
     async def run_tts(self, text: str) -> AsyncGenerator[Frame, None]:
         """Generate speech from text using Deepgram's TTS API.
@@ -125,7 +116,6 @@ class DeepgramTTSService(TTSService):
             yield TTSStoppedFrame()
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
 
 
@@ -177,15 +167,6 @@ class DeepgramHttpTTSService(TTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that Deepgram TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that Deepgram's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     @traced_tts
     async def run_tts(self, text: str) -> AsyncGenerator[Frame, None]:
         """Generate speech from text using Deepgram's TTS API.
@@ -245,5 +226,4 @@ class DeepgramHttpTTSService(TTSService):
             yield TTSStoppedFrame()
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.exception(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(f"Error getting audio: {str(e)}")

src/pipecat/services/elevenlabs/stt.py

@@ -351,7 +351,6 @@ class ElevenLabsSTTService(SegmentedSTTService):
                 )
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
 
 
@@ -586,7 +585,6 @@ class ElevenLabsRealtimeSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
                 }
                 await self._websocket.send(json.dumps(message))
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"Error sending audio: {e}")
                 yield ErrorFrame(f"ElevenLabs Realtime STT error: {str(e)}")
 
         yield None
@@ -645,8 +643,9 @@ class ElevenLabsRealtimeSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connected")
             logger.debug("Connected to ElevenLabs Realtime STT")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self}: unable to connect to ElevenLabs Realtime STT: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(f"Connection error: {str(e)}"))
+                error_msg=f"{self}: unable to connect to ElevenLabs Realtime STT: {e}", exception=e
+            )
 
     async def _disconnect_websocket(self):
         """Disconnect from ElevenLabs Realtime STT WebSocket."""
@@ -655,7 +654,7 @@ class ElevenLabsRealtimeSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
                 logger.debug("Disconnecting from ElevenLabs Realtime STT")
                 await self._websocket.close()
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} error closing websocket: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error closing websocket: {e}", exception=e)
         finally:
             self._websocket = None
             await self._call_event_handler("on_disconnected")
@@ -714,13 +713,11 @@ class ElevenLabsRealtimeSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
 
         elif message_type == "input_error":
             error_msg = data.get("error", "Unknown input error")
-            logger.error(f"ElevenLabs input error: {error_msg}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"ElevenLabs input error: {error_msg}")
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(f"Input error: {error_msg}"))
 
         elif message_type in ["auth_error", "quota_exceeded", "transcriber_error", "error"]:
             error_msg = data.get("error", data.get("message", "Unknown error"))
-            logger.error(f"ElevenLabs error ({message_type}): {error_msg}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"ElevenLabs error ({message_type}): {error_msg}")
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(f"{message_type}: {error_msg}"))
 
         else:
             logger.debug(f"Unknown message type: {message_type}")

src/pipecat/services/elevenlabs/tts.py

@@ -424,8 +424,7 @@ class ElevenLabsTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
                         json.dumps({"context_id": self._context_id, "close_context": True})
                     )
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+                await self.push_error(exception=e)
-                await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
             self._context_id = None
             self._started = False
 
@@ -536,9 +535,8 @@ class ElevenLabsTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
 
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connected")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             self._websocket = None
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connection_error", f"{e}")
 
     async def _disconnect_websocket(self):
@@ -553,8 +551,7 @@ class ElevenLabsTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
                 await self._websocket.close()
                 logger.debug("Disconnected from ElevenLabs")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
         finally:
             self._started = False
             self._context_id = None
@@ -584,8 +581,7 @@ class ElevenLabsTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
                     json.dumps({"context_id": self._context_id, "close_context": True})
                 )
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+                await self.push_error(exception=e)
-                await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
             self._context_id = None
             self._started = False
             self._partial_word = ""
@@ -740,14 +736,12 @@ class ElevenLabsTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
                 else:
                     await self._send_text(text)
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
                 yield TTSStoppedFrame()
                 yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
                 self._started = False
                 return
             yield None
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
 
 
@@ -1043,7 +1037,6 @@ class ElevenLabsHttpTTSService(WordTTSService):
             ) as response:
                 if response.status != 200:
                     error_text = await response.text()
-                    logger.error(f"{self} error: {error_text}")
                     yield ErrorFrame(error=f"ElevenLabs API error: {error_text}")
                     return
 
@@ -1091,7 +1084,6 @@ class ElevenLabsHttpTTSService(WordTTSService):
                         logger.warning(f"Failed to parse JSON from stream: {e}")
                         continue
                     except Exception as e:
-                        logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
                         yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
                         continue
 
@@ -1116,7 +1108,6 @@ class ElevenLabsHttpTTSService(WordTTSService):
                     self._previous_text = text
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
         finally:
             await self.stop_ttfb_metrics()

src/pipecat/services/fal/image.py

@@ -110,7 +110,6 @@ class FalImageGenService(ImageGenService):
         image_url = response["images"][0]["url"] if response else None
 
         if not image_url:
-            logger.error(f"{self} error: image generation failed")
             yield ErrorFrame("Image generation failed")
             return
 

src/pipecat/services/fal/stt.py

@@ -290,5 +290,4 @@ class FalSTTService(SegmentedSTTService):
                     )
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")

src/pipecat/services/fish/tts.py

@@ -159,15 +159,6 @@ class FishAudioTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that Fish Audio TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that Fish Audio's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     async def set_model(self, model: str):
         """Set the TTS model and reconnect.
 
@@ -237,8 +228,7 @@ class FishAudioTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
 
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connected")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
             self._websocket = None
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connection_error", f"{e}")
 
@@ -252,8 +242,7 @@ class FishAudioTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                 await self._websocket.send(ormsgpack.packb(stop_message))
                 await self._websocket.close()
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
         finally:
             self._request_id = None
             self._started = False
@@ -295,8 +284,7 @@ class FishAudioTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                                 continue
 
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+                await self.push_error(exception=e)
-                await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
 
     @traced_tts
     async def run_tts(self, text: str) -> AsyncGenerator[Frame, None]:
@@ -332,7 +320,6 @@ class FishAudioTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                 flush_message = {"event": "flush"}
                 await self._get_websocket().send(ormsgpack.packb(flush_message))
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
                 yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
                 yield TTSStoppedFrame()
                 await self._disconnect()
@@ -341,5 +328,4 @@ class FishAudioTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
             yield None
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")

src/pipecat/services/gladia/stt.py

@@ -468,8 +468,7 @@ class GladiaSTTService(STTService):
                             break
 
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+                await self.push_error(exception=e)
-                await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
                 self._connection_active = False
 
                 if not self._should_reconnect:
@@ -559,8 +558,7 @@ class GladiaSTTService(STTService):
         except websockets.exceptions.ConnectionClosed:
             logger.debug("Connection closed during keepalive")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
 
     async def _receive_task_handler(self):
         try:
@@ -623,8 +621,7 @@ class GladiaSTTService(STTService):
             # Expected when closing the connection
             pass
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
 
     async def _maybe_reconnect(self) -> bool:
         """Handle exponential backoff reconnection logic."""
@@ -632,7 +629,9 @@ class GladiaSTTService(STTService):
             return False
         self._reconnection_attempts += 1
         if self._reconnection_attempts > self._max_reconnection_attempts:
-            logger.error(f"Max reconnection attempts ({self._max_reconnection_attempts}) reached")
+            await self.push_error(
+                error_msg=f"Max reconnection attempts ({self._max_reconnection_attempts}) reached"
+            )
             self._should_reconnect = False
             return False
         delay = self._reconnection_delay * (2 ** (self._reconnection_attempts - 1))

src/pipecat/services/google/gemini_live/llm.py

@@ -27,7 +27,6 @@ from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 from pipecat.adapters.schemas.tools_schema import ToolsSchema
 from pipecat.adapters.services.gemini_adapter import GeminiLLMAdapter
 from pipecat.frames.frames import (
-    AggregationType,
     BotStartedSpeakingFrame,
     BotStoppedSpeakingFrame,
     CancelFrame,
@@ -1175,7 +1174,7 @@ class GeminiLiveLLMService(LLMService):
             self._connection_task = self.create_task(self._connection_task_handler(config=config))
 
         except Exception as e:
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} Initialization error: {e}"))
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
 
     async def _connection_task_handler(self, config: LiveConnectConfig):
         async with self._client.aio.live.connect(model=self._model_name, config=config) as session:
@@ -1252,11 +1251,11 @@ class GeminiLiveLLMService(LLMService):
         )
 
         if self._consecutive_failures >= MAX_CONSECUTIVE_FAILURES:
-            logger.error(
+            error_msg = (
                 f"Max consecutive failures ({MAX_CONSECUTIVE_FAILURES}) reached, "
                 "treating as fatal error"
             )
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} Error in receive loop: {error}"))
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=error_msg, exception=error)
             return False
         else:
             logger.info(
@@ -1284,7 +1283,7 @@ class GeminiLiveLLMService(LLMService):
             self._completed_tool_calls = set()
             self._disconnecting = False
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} error disconnecting: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error disconnecting: {e}", exception=e)
 
     async def _send_user_audio(self, frame):
         """Send user audio frame to Gemini Live API."""
@@ -1453,8 +1452,6 @@ class GeminiLiveLLMService(LLMService):
             self._bot_text_buffer += text
             self._search_result_buffer += text  # Also accumulate for grounding
             frame = LLMTextFrame(text=text)
-            # Gemini Live text already includes any necessary inter-chunk spaces
-            frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces = True
             await self.push_frame(frame)
 
         # Check for grounding metadata in server content
@@ -1647,7 +1644,7 @@ class GeminiLiveLLMService(LLMService):
             await self.push_frame(TTSStartedFrame())
             await self.push_frame(LLMFullResponseStartFrame())
 
-        frame = TTSTextFrame(text=text, aggregated_by=AggregationType.SENTENCE)
+        frame = TTSTextFrame(text=text)
         # Gemini Live text already includes any necessary inter-chunk spaces
         frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces = True
 
@@ -1745,7 +1742,7 @@ class GeminiLiveLLMService(LLMService):
         # state management, and that exponential backoff for retries can have
         # cost/stability implications for a service cluster, let's just treat a
         # send-side error as fatal.
-        await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} Send error: {error}", fatal=True))
+        await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} Send error: {error}"))
 
     def create_context_aggregator(
         self,

src/pipecat/services/google/image.py

@@ -110,7 +110,6 @@ class GoogleImageGenService(ImageGenService):
             await self.stop_ttfb_metrics()
 
             if not response or not response.generated_images:
-                logger.error(f"{self} error: image generation failed")
                 yield ErrorFrame("Image generation failed")
                 return
 
@@ -128,5 +127,4 @@ class GoogleImageGenService(ImageGenService):
                 yield frame
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} error generating image: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(f"Image generation error: {str(e)}")

src/pipecat/services/google/llm.py

@@ -793,7 +793,7 @@ class GoogleLLMService(LLMService):
                 return
             generation_params.setdefault("thinking_config", {})["thinking_budget"] = 0
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.exception(f"Failed to unset thinking budget: {e}")
+            logger.error(f"Failed to unset thinking budget: {e}")
 
     async def _stream_content(
         self, params_from_context: GeminiLLMInvocationParams
@@ -920,9 +920,7 @@ class GoogleLLMService(LLMService):
                         for part in candidate.content.parts:
                             if not part.thought and part.text:
                                 search_result += part.text
-                                frame = LLMTextFrame(part.text)
+                                await self.push_frame(LLMTextFrame(part.text))
-                                frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces = True
-                                await self.push_frame(frame)
                             elif part.function_call:
                                 function_call = part.function_call
                                 id = function_call.id or str(uuid.uuid4())
@@ -985,7 +983,7 @@ class GoogleLLMService(LLMService):
         except DeadlineExceeded:
             await self._call_event_handler("on_completion_timeout")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.exception(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
         finally:
             if grounding_metadata and isinstance(grounding_metadata, dict):
                 llm_search_frame = LLMSearchResponseFrame(

src/pipecat/services/google/stt.py

@@ -774,8 +774,7 @@ class GoogleSTTService(STTService):
                 yield cloud_speech.StreamingRecognizeRequest(audio=audio_data)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
             raise
 
     async def _stream_audio(self):
@@ -806,15 +805,13 @@ class GoogleSTTService(STTService):
                         break
 
                 except Exception as e:
-                    logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+                    await self.push_error(exception=e)
-                    await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
 
                     await asyncio.sleep(1)  # Brief delay before reconnecting
                     self._stream_start_time = int(time.time() * 1000)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
 
     async def run_stt(self, audio: bytes) -> AsyncGenerator[Frame, None]:
         """Process an audio chunk for STT transcription.
@@ -902,8 +899,7 @@ class GoogleSTTService(STTService):
             )
             raise
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
             # Re-raise the exception to let it propagate (e.g. in the case of a
             # timeout, propagate to _stream_audio to reconnect)
             raise

src/pipecat/services/google/tts.py

@@ -596,15 +596,6 @@ class GoogleHttpTTSService(TTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that Google TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that Google's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     def language_to_service_language(self, language: Language) -> Optional[str]:
         """Convert a Language enum to Google TTS language format.
 
@@ -746,7 +737,6 @@ class GoogleHttpTTSService(TTSService):
             yield TTSStoppedFrame()
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             error_message = f"TTS generation error: {str(e)}"
             yield ErrorFrame(error=error_message)
 
@@ -803,15 +793,6 @@ class GoogleBaseTTSService(TTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that Google and Gemini TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that Google's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     def language_to_service_language(self, language: Language) -> Optional[str]:
         """Convert a Language enum to Google TTS language format.
 
@@ -1014,9 +995,7 @@ class GoogleTTSService(GoogleBaseTTSService):
                 yield frame
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
-            error_message = f"TTS generation error: {str(e)}"
-            yield ErrorFrame(error=error_message)
 
 
 class GeminiTTSService(GoogleBaseTTSService):
@@ -1266,6 +1245,5 @@ class GeminiTTSService(GoogleBaseTTSService):
                 yield frame
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             error_message = f"Gemini TTS generation error: {str(e)}"
             yield ErrorFrame(error=error_message)

src/pipecat/services/groq/tts.py

@@ -111,15 +111,6 @@ class GroqTTSService(TTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that Groq TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that Groq's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     @traced_tts
     async def run_tts(self, text: str) -> AsyncGenerator[Frame, None]:
         """Generate speech from text using Groq's TTS API.
@@ -155,7 +146,6 @@ class GroqTTSService(TTSService):
                     bytes = w.readframes(num_frames)
                     yield TTSAudioRawFrame(bytes, frame_rate, channels)
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
 
         yield TTSStoppedFrame()

src/pipecat/services/heygen/client.py

@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ class HeyGenClient:
                 await self._task_manager.cancel_task(self._event_task)
                 self._event_task = None
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.exception(f"Exception during cleanup: {e}")
+            logger.error(f"Exception during cleanup: {e}")
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame, audio_chunk_size: int) -> None:
         """Start the client and establish all necessary connections.

src/pipecat/services/hume/tts.py

@@ -14,12 +14,14 @@ from pydantic import BaseModel
 from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     ErrorFrame,
     Frame,
+    InterruptionFrame,
     StartFrame,
     TTSAudioRawFrame,
     TTSStartedFrame,
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
-from pipecat.services.tts_service import TTSService
+from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
+from pipecat.services.tts_service import WordTTSService
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_tts
 
 try:
@@ -29,6 +31,7 @@ try:
         PostedUtterance,
         PostedUtteranceVoiceWithId,
     )
+    from hume.tts.types import TimestampMessage
 except ModuleNotFoundError as e:  # pragma: no cover - import-time guidance
     logger.error(f"Exception: {e}")
     logger.error("In order to use Hume, you need to `pip install pipecat-ai[hume]`.")
@@ -38,7 +41,7 @@ except ModuleNotFoundError as e:  # pragma: no cover - import-time guidance
 HUME_SAMPLE_RATE = 48_000  # Hume TTS streams at 48 kHz
 
 
-class HumeTTSService(TTSService):
+class HumeTTSService(WordTTSService):
     """Hume Octave Text-to-Speech service.
 
     Streams PCM audio via Hume's HTTP output streaming (JSON chunks) endpoint
@@ -48,6 +51,7 @@ class HumeTTSService(TTSService):
 
     - Generates speech from text using Hume TTS.
     - Streams PCM audio.
+    - Supports word-level timestamps for precise audio-text synchronization.
     - Supports dynamic updates of voice and synthesis parameters at runtime.
     - Provides metrics for Time To First Byte (TTFB) and TTS usage.
     """
@@ -92,7 +96,13 @@ class HumeTTSService(TTSService):
                 f"Hume TTS streams at {HUME_SAMPLE_RATE} Hz; configured sample_rate={sample_rate}"
             )
 
-        super().__init__(sample_rate=sample_rate, **kwargs)
+        # WordTTSService sets push_text_frames=False by default, which we want
+        super().__init__(
+            sample_rate=sample_rate,
+            push_text_frames=False,
+            push_stop_frames=True,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
 
         self._client = AsyncHumeClient(api_key=api_key)
         self._params = params or HumeTTSService.InputParams()
@@ -102,6 +112,10 @@ class HumeTTSService(TTSService):
 
         self._audio_bytes = b""
 
+        # Track cumulative time for word timestamps across utterances
+        self._cumulative_time = 0.0
+        self._started = False
+
     def can_generate_metrics(self) -> bool:
         """Can generate metrics.
 
@@ -110,15 +124,6 @@ class HumeTTSService(TTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that Hume TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that Hume's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame) -> None:
         """Start the service.
 
@@ -126,6 +131,27 @@ class HumeTTSService(TTSService):
             frame: The start frame.
         """
         await super().start(frame)
+        self._reset_state()
+
+    def _reset_state(self):
+        """Reset internal state variables."""
+        self._cumulative_time = 0.0
+        self._started = False
+
+    async def push_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection = FrameDirection.DOWNSTREAM):
+        """Push a frame and handle state changes.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to push.
+            direction: The direction to push the frame.
+        """
+        await super().push_frame(frame, direction)
+        if isinstance(frame, (InterruptionFrame, TTSStoppedFrame)):
+            # Reset timing on interruption or stop
+            self._reset_state()
+
+            if isinstance(frame, TTSStoppedFrame):
+                await self.add_word_timestamps([("Reset", 0)])
 
     async def update_setting(self, key: str, value: Any) -> None:
         """Runtime updates via `TTSUpdateSettingsFrame`.
@@ -142,7 +168,7 @@ class HumeTTSService(TTSService):
 
         if key_l == "voice_id":
             self.set_voice(str(value))
-            logger.info(f"HumeTTSService voice_id set to: {self.voice}")
+            logger.debug(f"HumeTTSService voice_id set to: {self.voice}")
         elif key_l == "description":
             self._params.description = None if value is None else str(value)
         elif key_l == "speed":
@@ -155,7 +181,7 @@ class HumeTTSService(TTSService):
 
     @traced_tts
     async def run_tts(self, text: str) -> AsyncGenerator[Frame, None]:
-        """Generate speech from text using Hume TTS.
+        """Generate speech from text using Hume TTS with word timestamps.
 
         Args:
             text: The text to be synthesized.
@@ -186,7 +212,12 @@ class HumeTTSService(TTSService):
 
         await self.start_ttfb_metrics()
         await self.start_tts_usage_metrics(text)
+
+        # Start TTS sequence if not already started
+        if not self._started:
+            self.start_word_timestamps()
             yield TTSStartedFrame()
+            self._started = True
 
         try:
             # Instant mode is always enabled here (not user-configurable)
@@ -197,23 +228,50 @@ class HumeTTSService(TTSService):
             # Use version "2" by default if no description is provided
             # Version "1" is needed when description is used
             version = "1" if self._params.description is not None else "2"
+
+            # Track the duration of this utterance based on the last timestamp
+            utterance_duration = 0.0
+
             async for chunk in self._client.tts.synthesize_json_streaming(
                 utterances=[utterance],
                 format=pcm_fmt,
                 instant_mode=True,
                 version=version,
+                include_timestamp_types=["word"],  # Request word-level timestamps
             ):
+                # Process audio chunks
                 audio_b64 = getattr(chunk, "audio", None)
-                if not audio_b64:
+                if audio_b64:
-                    continue
+                    await self.stop_ttfb_metrics()
-
                     pcm_bytes = base64.b64decode(audio_b64)
                     self._audio_bytes += pcm_bytes
 
                     # Buffer audio until we have enough to avoid glitches
-                if len(self._audio_bytes) < self.chunk_size:
+                    if len(self._audio_bytes) >= self.chunk_size:
-                    continue
+                        frame = TTSAudioRawFrame(
+                            audio=self._audio_bytes,
+                            sample_rate=self.sample_rate,
+                            num_channels=1,
+                        )
+                        yield frame
+                        self._audio_bytes = b""
 
+                # Process timestamp messages
+                if isinstance(chunk, TimestampMessage):
+                    timestamp = chunk.timestamp
+                    if timestamp.type == "word":
+                        # Convert milliseconds to seconds and add cumulative offset
+                        word_start_time = self._cumulative_time + (timestamp.time.begin / 1000.0)
+                        word_end_time = self._cumulative_time + (timestamp.time.end / 1000.0)
+
+                        # Track the maximum end time for this utterance
+                        utterance_duration = max(utterance_duration, word_end_time)
+
+                        # Add word timestamp
+                        await self.add_word_timestamps([(timestamp.text, word_start_time)])
+
+            # Flush any remaining audio bytes
+            if self._audio_bytes:
                 frame = TTSAudioRawFrame(
                     audio=self._audio_bytes,
                     sample_rate=self.sample_rate,
@@ -224,10 +282,13 @@ class HumeTTSService(TTSService):
 
                 self._audio_bytes = b""
 
+            # Update cumulative time for next utterance
+            if utterance_duration > 0:
+                self._cumulative_time = utterance_duration
+
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
         finally:
             # Ensure TTFB timer is stopped even on early failures
             await self.stop_ttfb_metrics()
-            yield TTSStoppedFrame()
+            # Let the parent class handle TTSStoppedFrame via push_stop_frames

src/pipecat/services/inworld/tts.py

@@ -250,15 +250,6 @@ class InworldTTSService(TTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that Inworld TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that Inworld's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
         """Start the Inworld TTS service.
 
@@ -401,8 +392,7 @@ class InworldTTSService(TTSService):
             # STEP 7: ERROR HANDLING
             # ================================================================================
             # Log any unexpected errors and notify the pipeline
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
         finally:
             # ================================================================================
             # STEP 8: CLEANUP AND COMPLETION

src/pipecat/services/lmnt/tts.py

@@ -124,15 +124,6 @@ class LmntTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that LMNT TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that LMNT's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     def language_to_service_language(self, language: Language) -> Optional[str]:
         """Convert a Language enum to LMNT service language format.
 
@@ -223,8 +214,7 @@ class LmntTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
 
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connected")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
             self._websocket = None
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connection_error", f"{e}")
 
@@ -240,8 +230,7 @@ class LmntTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                 # await self._websocket.send(json.dumps({"eof": True}))
                 await self._websocket.close()
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error disconnecting from LMNT: {e}", exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
         finally:
             self._started = False
             self._websocket = None
@@ -275,10 +264,9 @@ class LmntTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                 try:
                     msg = json.loads(message)
                     if "error" in msg:
-                        logger.error(f"{self} error: {msg['error']}")
                         await self.push_frame(TTSStoppedFrame())
                         await self.stop_all_metrics()
-                        await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {msg['error']}"))
+                        await self.push_error(error_msg=f"{self} error: {msg['error']}")
                         return
                 except json.JSONDecodeError:
                     logger.error(f"Invalid JSON message: {message}")
@@ -311,7 +299,6 @@ class LmntTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                 await self._get_websocket().send(json.dumps({"flush": True}))
                 await self.start_tts_usage_metrics(text)
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
                 yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
                 yield TTSStoppedFrame()
                 await self._disconnect()
@@ -319,5 +306,4 @@ class LmntTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                 return
             yield None
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")

src/pipecat/services/mcp_service.py

@@ -176,7 +176,6 @@ class MCPClient(BaseObject):
         except Exception as e:
             error_msg = f"Error calling mcp tool {params.function_name}: {str(e)}"
             logger.error(error_msg)
-            logger.exception("Full exception details:")
             await params.result_callback(error_msg)
 
     async def _stdio_list_tools(self) -> ToolsSchema:
@@ -207,7 +206,6 @@ class MCPClient(BaseObject):
         except Exception as e:
             error_msg = f"Error calling mcp tool {params.function_name}: {str(e)}"
             logger.error(error_msg)
-            logger.exception("Full exception details:")
             await params.result_callback(error_msg)
 
     async def _streamable_http_list_tools(self) -> ToolsSchema:
@@ -246,7 +244,6 @@ class MCPClient(BaseObject):
         except Exception as e:
             error_msg = f"Error calling mcp tool {params.function_name}: {str(e)}"
             logger.error(error_msg)
-            logger.exception("Full exception details:")
             await params.result_callback(error_msg)
 
     async def _call_tool(self, session, function_name, arguments, result_callback):
@@ -302,7 +299,6 @@ class MCPClient(BaseObject):
 
             except Exception as e:
                 logger.error(f"Failed to read tool '{tool_name}': {str(e)}")
-                logger.exception("Full exception details:")
                 continue
 
         logger.debug(f"Completed reading {len(tool_schemas)} tools")

src/pipecat/services/mem0/memory.py

@@ -253,8 +253,7 @@ class Mem0MemoryService(FrameProcessor):
                     # Otherwise, pass the enhanced context frame downstream
                     await self.push_frame(frame)
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"Error processing with Mem0: {str(e)}")
+                await self.push_error(exception=e)
-                await self.push_frame(ErrorFrame(f"Error processing with Mem0: {str(e)}"))
                 await self.push_frame(frame)  # Still pass the original frame through
         else:
             # For non-context frames, just pass them through

src/pipecat/services/minimax/tts.py

@@ -194,15 +194,6 @@ class MiniMaxHttpTTSService(TTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that MiniMax TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that MiniMax's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     def language_to_service_language(self, language: Language) -> Optional[str]:
         """Convert a Language enum to MiniMax service language format.
 
@@ -273,7 +264,6 @@ class MiniMaxHttpTTSService(TTSService):
             ) as response:
                 if response.status != 200:
                     error_message = f"MiniMax TTS error: HTTP {response.status}"
-                    logger.error(error_message)
                     yield ErrorFrame(error=error_message)
                     return
 
@@ -347,7 +337,6 @@ class MiniMaxHttpTTSService(TTSService):
                             continue
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
         finally:
             await self.stop_ttfb_metrics()

src/pipecat/services/moondream/vision.py

@@ -110,7 +110,6 @@ class MoondreamService(VisionService):
                   if analysis fails.
         """
         if not self._model:
-            logger.error(f"{self} error: Moondream model not available ({self.model_name})")
             yield ErrorFrame("Moondream model not available")
             return
 

src/pipecat/services/neuphonic/tts.py

@@ -151,15 +151,6 @@ class NeuphonicTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that Neuphonic TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that Neuphonic's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     def language_to_service_language(self, language: Language) -> Optional[str]:
         """Convert a Language enum to Neuphonic service language format.
 
@@ -294,8 +285,7 @@ class NeuphonicTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
 
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connected")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
             self._websocket = None
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connection_error", f"{e}")
 
@@ -308,8 +298,7 @@ class NeuphonicTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                 logger.debug("Disconnecting from Neuphonic")
                 await self._websocket.close()
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
         finally:
             self._started = False
             self._websocket = None
@@ -374,7 +363,6 @@ class NeuphonicTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                 await self._send_text(text)
                 await self.start_tts_usage_metrics(text)
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
                 yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
                 yield TTSStoppedFrame()
                 await self._disconnect()
@@ -382,7 +370,6 @@ class NeuphonicTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                 return
             yield None
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
 
 
@@ -449,15 +436,6 @@ class NeuphonicHttpTTSService(TTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that Neuphonic TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that Neuphonic's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     def language_to_service_language(self, language: Language) -> Optional[str]:
         """Convert a Language enum to Neuphonic service language format.
 
@@ -557,7 +535,6 @@ class NeuphonicHttpTTSService(TTSService):
                     error_text = await response.text()
                     error_message = f"Neuphonic API error: HTTP {response.status} - {error_text}"
                     logger.error(error_message)
-                    yield ErrorFrame(error=error_message)
                     return
 
                 await self.start_tts_usage_metrics(text)
@@ -586,7 +563,6 @@ class NeuphonicHttpTTSService(TTSService):
                             yield TTSAudioRawFrame(audio_bytes, self.sample_rate, 1)
 
                     except Exception as e:
-                        logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
                         yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
                         # Don't yield error frame for individual message failures
                         continue
@@ -595,7 +571,6 @@ class NeuphonicHttpTTSService(TTSService):
             logger.debug("TTS generation cancelled")
             raise
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
         finally:
             await self.stop_ttfb_metrics()

src/pipecat/services/openai/base_llm.py

@@ -390,9 +390,7 @@ class BaseOpenAILLMService(LLMService):
                     # Keep iterating through the response to collect all the argument fragments
                     arguments += tool_call.function.arguments
             elif chunk.choices[0].delta.content:
-                frame = LLMTextFrame(chunk.choices[0].delta.content)
+                await self.push_frame(LLMTextFrame(chunk.choices[0].delta.content))
-                frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces = True
-                await self.push_frame(frame)
 
             # When gpt-4o-audio / gpt-4o-mini-audio is used for llm or stt+llm
             # we need to get LLMTextFrame for the transcript

src/pipecat/services/openai/image.py

@@ -76,7 +76,6 @@ class OpenAIImageGenService(ImageGenService):
         image_url = image.data[0].url
 
         if not image_url:
-            logger.error(f"{self} No image provided in response: {image}")
             yield ErrorFrame("Image generation failed")
             return
 

src/pipecat/services/openai/realtime/llm.py

@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ from pipecat.adapters.services.open_ai_realtime_adapter import (
     OpenAIRealtimeLLMAdapter,
 )
 from pipecat.frames.frames import (
-    AggregationType,
     BotStoppedSpeakingFrame,
     CancelFrame,
     EndFrame,
@@ -444,7 +443,7 @@ class OpenAIRealtimeLLMService(LLMService):
             )
             self._receive_task = self.create_task(self._receive_task_handler())
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} initialization error: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error connecting: {e}", exception=e)
             self._websocket = None
 
     async def _disconnect(self):
@@ -461,7 +460,7 @@ class OpenAIRealtimeLLMService(LLMService):
             self._completed_tool_calls = set()
             self._disconnecting = False
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} error disconnecting: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error disconnecting: {e}", exception=e)
 
     async def _ws_send(self, realtime_message):
         try:
@@ -474,12 +473,11 @@ class OpenAIRealtimeLLMService(LLMService):
                 # somehow *started* the websocket send attempt while we still
                 # had a connection)
                 return
-            logger.error(f"Error sending message to websocket: {e}")
             # In server-to-server contexts, a WebSocket error should be quite rare. Given how hard
             # it is to recover from a send-side error with proper state management, and that exponential
             # backoff for retries can have cost/stability implications for a service cluster, let's just
             # treat a send-side error as fatal.
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"Error sending client event: {e}"))
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error sending client event: {e}", exception=e)
 
     async def _update_settings(self):
         settings = self._session_properties
@@ -679,15 +677,13 @@ class OpenAIRealtimeLLMService(LLMService):
         # the output modality is "text"
         if evt.delta:
             frame = LLMTextFrame(evt.delta)
-            # OpenAI Realtime text already includes any necessary inter-chunk spaces
-            frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces = True
             await self.push_frame(frame)
 
     async def _handle_evt_audio_transcript_delta(self, evt):
         # We receive audio transcript deltas (as opposed to text deltas) when
         # the output modality is "audio" (the default)
         if evt.delta:
-            frame = TTSTextFrame(evt.delta, aggregated_by=AggregationType.SENTENCE)
+            frame = TTSTextFrame(evt.delta)
             # OpenAI Realtime text already includes any necessary inter-chunk spaces
             frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces = True
             await self.push_frame(frame)
@@ -762,7 +758,7 @@ class OpenAIRealtimeLLMService(LLMService):
 
     async def _handle_evt_error(self, evt):
         # Errors are fatal to this connection. Send an ErrorFrame.
-        await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"Error: {evt}"))
+        await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error: {evt}")
 
     #
     # state and client events for the current conversation

src/pipecat/services/openai/tts.py

@@ -131,15 +131,6 @@ class OpenAITTSService(TTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that OpenAI TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that OpenAI's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     async def set_model(self, model: str):
         """Set the TTS model to use.
 
@@ -215,5 +206,4 @@ class OpenAITTSService(TTSService):
                         yield frame
                 yield TTSStoppedFrame()
         except BadRequestError as e:
-            logger.exception(f"{self} error generating TTS: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")

src/pipecat/services/openai_realtime_beta/azure.py

@@ -79,5 +79,5 @@ class AzureRealtimeBetaLLMService(OpenAIRealtimeBetaLLMService):
             )
             self._receive_task = self.create_task(self._receive_task_handler())
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} initialization error: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error connecting: {e}", exception=e)
             self._websocket = None

src/pipecat/services/openai_realtime_beta/openai.py

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ from loguru import logger
 
 from pipecat.adapters.services.open_ai_realtime_adapter import OpenAIRealtimeLLMAdapter
 from pipecat.frames.frames import (
-    AggregationType,
     BotStoppedSpeakingFrame,
     CancelFrame,
     EndFrame,
@@ -425,7 +424,7 @@ class OpenAIRealtimeBetaLLMService(LLMService):
             )
             self._receive_task = self.create_task(self._receive_task_handler())
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} initialization error: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error connecting: {e}", exception=e)
             self._websocket = None
 
     async def _disconnect(self):
@@ -441,7 +440,7 @@ class OpenAIRealtimeBetaLLMService(LLMService):
                 self._receive_task = None
             self._disconnecting = False
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} error disconnecting: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error disconnecting: {e}", exception=e)
 
     async def _ws_send(self, realtime_message):
         try:
@@ -450,12 +449,11 @@ class OpenAIRealtimeBetaLLMService(LLMService):
         except Exception as e:
             if self._disconnecting:
                 return
-            logger.error(f"Error sending message to websocket: {e}")
             # In server-to-server contexts, a WebSocket error should be quite rare. Given how hard
             # it is to recover from a send-side error with proper state management, and that exponential
             # backoff for retries can have cost/stability implications for a service cluster, let's just
             # treat a send-side error as fatal.
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"Error sending client event: {e}"))
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error sending client event: {e}", exception=e)
 
     async def _update_settings(self):
         settings = self._session_properties
@@ -653,7 +651,7 @@ class OpenAIRealtimeBetaLLMService(LLMService):
     async def _handle_evt_audio_transcript_delta(self, evt):
         if evt.delta:
             await self.push_frame(LLMTextFrame(evt.delta))
-            await self.push_frame(TTSTextFrame(evt.delta, aggregated_by=AggregationType.SENTENCE))
+            await self.push_frame(TTSTextFrame(evt.delta))
 
     async def _handle_evt_speech_started(self, evt):
         await self._truncate_current_audio_response()
@@ -686,7 +684,7 @@ class OpenAIRealtimeBetaLLMService(LLMService):
 
     async def _handle_evt_error(self, evt):
         # Errors are fatal to this connection. Send an ErrorFrame.
-        await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"Error: {evt}"))
+        await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error: {evt}")
 
     async def _handle_assistant_output(self, output):
         # We haven't seen intermixed audio and function_call items in the same response. But let's

src/pipecat/services/piper/tts.py

@@ -66,15 +66,6 @@ class PiperTTSService(TTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that Piper TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that Piper's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     @traced_tts
     async def run_tts(self, text: str) -> AsyncGenerator[Frame, None]:
         """Generate speech from text using Piper's HTTP API.
@@ -97,9 +88,6 @@ class PiperTTSService(TTSService):
             ) as response:
                 if response.status != 200:
                     error = await response.text()
-                    logger.error(
-                        f"{self} error getting audio (status: {response.status}, error: {error})"
-                    )
                     yield ErrorFrame(
                         error=f"Error getting audio (status: {response.status}, error: {error})"
                     )

src/pipecat/services/playht/tts.py

@@ -266,8 +266,7 @@ class PlayHTTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
             self._websocket = None
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connection_error", f"{e}")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error connecting: {e}", exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
             self._websocket = None
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connection_error", f"{e}")
 
@@ -280,8 +279,7 @@ class PlayHTTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                 logger.debug("Disconnecting from PlayHT")
                 await self._websocket.close()
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error disconnecting: {e}", exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
         finally:
             self._request_id = None
             self._websocket = None
@@ -351,8 +349,7 @@ class PlayHTTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                             await self.push_frame(TTSStoppedFrame())
                             self._request_id = None
                     elif "error" in msg:
-                        logger.error(f"{self} error: {msg}")
+                        await self.push_error(error_msg=f"{self} error: {msg['error']}")
-                        await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {msg['error']}"))
                 except json.JSONDecodeError:
                     logger.error(f"Invalid JSON message: {message}")
 
@@ -394,7 +391,6 @@ class PlayHTTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                 await self._get_websocket().send(json.dumps(tts_command))
                 await self.start_tts_usage_metrics(text)
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
                 yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
                 yield TTSStoppedFrame()
                 await self._disconnect()
@@ -405,7 +401,6 @@ class PlayHTTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
             yield None
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
 
 
@@ -626,7 +621,6 @@ class PlayHTHttpTTSService(TTSService):
                             yield frame
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
         finally:
             await self.stop_ttfb_metrics()

src/pipecat/services/rime/tts.py

@@ -113,10 +113,6 @@ class RimeTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
             sample_rate: Audio sample rate in Hz.
             params: Additional configuration parameters.
             text_aggregator: Custom text aggregator for processing input text.
-
-                .. deprecated:: 0.0.95
-                    Use an LLMTextProcessor before the TTSService for custom text aggregation.
-
             aggregate_sentences: Whether to aggregate sentences within the TTSService.
             **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to parent class.
         """
@@ -127,17 +123,10 @@ class RimeTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
             push_stop_frames=True,
             pause_frame_processing=True,
             sample_rate=sample_rate,
+            text_aggregator=text_aggregator or SkipTagsAggregator([("spell(", ")")]),
             **kwargs,
         )
 
-        if not text_aggregator:
-            # Always skip tags added for spelled-out text
-            # Note: This is primarily to support backwards compatibility.
-            #    The preferred way of taking advantage of Rime spelling is
-            #    to use an LLMTextProcessor and/or a text_transformer to identify
-            #    and insert these tags for the purpose of the TTS service alone.
-            self._text_aggregator = SkipTagsAggregator([("spell(", ")")])
-
         params = params or RimeTTSService.InputParams()
 
         # Store service configuration
@@ -163,7 +152,6 @@ class RimeTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
         self._context_id = None  # Tracks current turn
         self._receive_task = None
         self._cumulative_time = 0  # Accumulates time across messages
-        self._extra_msg_fields = {}  # Extra fields for next message
 
     def can_generate_metrics(self) -> bool:
         """Check if this service can generate processing metrics.
@@ -193,31 +181,6 @@ class RimeTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
         self._model = model
         await super().set_model(model)
 
-    # A set of Rime-specific helpers for text transformations
-    def SPELL(text: str) -> str:
-        """Wrap text in Rime spell function."""
-        return f"spell({text})"
-
-    def PAUSE_TAG(seconds: float) -> str:
-        """Convenience method to create a pause tag."""
-        return f"<{seconds * 1000}>"
-
-    def PRONOUNCE(self, text: str, word: str, phoneme: str) -> str:
-        """Convenience method to support Rime's custom pronunciations feature.
-
-        https://docs.rime.ai/api-reference/custom-pronunciation
-        """
-        self._extra_msg_fields["phonemizeBetweenBrackets"] = True
-        return text.replace(word, f"{phoneme}")
-
-    def INLINE_SPEED(self, text: str, speed: float) -> str:
-        """Convenience method to support inline speeds."""
-        if not self._extra_msg_fields:
-            self._extra_msg_fields = {}
-        speed_vals = self._extra_msg_fields.get("inlineSpeedAlpha", "").split(",")
-        self._extra_msg_fields["inlineSpeedAlpha"] = ",".join(speed_vals + [str(speed)])
-        return f"[{text}]"
-
     async def _update_settings(self, settings: Mapping[str, Any]):
         """Update service settings and reconnect if voice changed."""
         prev_voice = self._voice_id
@@ -230,11 +193,7 @@ class RimeTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
 
     def _build_msg(self, text: str = "") -> dict:
         """Build JSON message for Rime API."""
-        msg = {"text": text, "contextId": self._context_id}
+        return {"text": text, "contextId": self._context_id}
-        if self._extra_msg_fields:
-            msg |= self._extra_msg_fields
-            self._extra_msg_fields = {}
-        return msg
 
     def _build_clear_msg(self) -> dict:
         """Build clear operation message."""
@@ -300,8 +259,7 @@ class RimeTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
 
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connected")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error connecting: {e}", exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
             self._websocket = None
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connection_error", f"{e}")
 
@@ -313,8 +271,7 @@ class RimeTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
                 await self._websocket.send(json.dumps(self._build_eos_msg()))
                 await self._websocket.close()
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error disconnecting: {e}", exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
         finally:
             self._context_id = None
             self._websocket = None
@@ -407,10 +364,9 @@ class RimeTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
                         logger.debug(f"Updated cumulative time to: {self._cumulative_time}")
 
             elif msg["type"] == "error":
-                logger.error(f"{self} error: {msg}")
                 await self.push_frame(TTSStoppedFrame())
                 await self.stop_all_metrics()
-                await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {msg['message']}"))
+                await self.push_error(error_msg=f"{self} error: {msg['message']}")
                 self._context_id = None
 
     async def push_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection = FrameDirection.DOWNSTREAM):
@@ -452,7 +408,6 @@ class RimeTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
                 await self._get_websocket().send(json.dumps(msg))
                 await self.start_tts_usage_metrics(text)
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
                 yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
                 yield TTSStoppedFrame()
                 await self._disconnect()
@@ -460,7 +415,6 @@ class RimeTTSService(AudioContextWordTTSService):
                 return
             yield None
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
 
 
@@ -542,15 +496,6 @@ class RimeHttpTTSService(TTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that Rime TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that Rime's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     def language_to_service_language(self, language: Language) -> str | None:
         """Convert pipecat language to Rime language code.
 
@@ -601,7 +546,6 @@ class RimeHttpTTSService(TTSService):
             ) as response:
                 if response.status != 200:
                     error_message = f"Rime TTS error: HTTP {response.status}"
-                    logger.error(error_message)
                     yield ErrorFrame(error=error_message)
                     return
 
@@ -619,7 +563,6 @@ class RimeHttpTTSService(TTSService):
                     yield frame
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
         finally:
             await self.stop_ttfb_metrics()

src/pipecat/services/riva/stt.py

@@ -655,11 +655,9 @@ class RivaSegmentedSTTService(SegmentedSTTService):
                     logger.debug("No transcription results found in Riva response")
 
             except AttributeError as ae:
-                logger.error(f"Unexpected response structure from Riva: {ae}")
                 yield ErrorFrame(f"Unexpected Riva response format: {str(ae)}")
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
 
 

src/pipecat/services/riva/tts.py

@@ -113,15 +113,6 @@ class RivaTTSService(TTSService):
             riva.client.proto.riva_tts_pb2.RivaSynthesisConfigRequest()
         )
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that Riva TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that Riva's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     async def set_model(self, model: str):
         """Attempt to set the TTS model.
 
@@ -166,7 +157,6 @@ class RivaTTSService(TTSService):
                 add_response(None)
             except Exception as e:
                 logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
-                yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
                 add_response(None)
 
         await self.start_ttfb_metrics()
@@ -190,7 +180,7 @@ class RivaTTSService(TTSService):
                 yield frame
                 resp = await asyncio.wait_for(queue.get(), timeout=RIVA_TTS_TIMEOUT_SECS)
         except asyncio.TimeoutError:
-            logger.error(f"{self} timeout waiting for audio response")
+            yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
 
         await self.start_tts_usage_metrics(text)
         yield TTSStoppedFrame()

src/pipecat/services/sambanova/llm.py

@@ -176,9 +176,7 @@ class SambaNovaLLMService(OpenAILLMService):  # type: ignore
                     # Keep iterating through the response to collect all the argument fragments
                     arguments += tool_call.function.arguments
             elif chunk.choices[0].delta.content:
-                frame = LLMTextFrame(chunk.choices[0].delta.content)
+                await self.push_frame(LLMTextFrame(chunk.choices[0].delta.content))
-                frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces = True
-                await self.push_frame(frame)
 
             # When gpt-4o-audio / gpt-4o-mini-audio is used for llm or stt+llm
             # we need to get LLMTextFrame for the transcript

src/pipecat/services/sarvam/stt.py

@@ -275,8 +275,7 @@ class SarvamSTTService(STTService):
                 await self._socket_client.translate(**method_kwargs)
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error sending audio to Sarvam: {e}")
+            yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(f"Failed to send audio: {e}"))
 
         yield None
 
@@ -332,13 +331,11 @@ class SarvamSTTService(STTService):
             logger.info("Connected to Sarvam successfully")
 
         except ApiError as e:
-            logger.error(f"Sarvam API error: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Sarvam API error: {e}", exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(f"Sarvam API error: {e}"))
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Failed to connect to Sarvam: {e}")
             self._socket_client = None
             self._websocket_context = None
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(f"Failed to connect to Sarvam: {e}"))
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Failed to connect to Sarvam: {e}", exception=e)
 
     async def _disconnect(self):
         """Disconnect from Sarvam WebSocket API using SDK."""
@@ -351,7 +348,9 @@ class SarvamSTTService(STTService):
                 # Exit the async context manager
                 await self._websocket_context.__aexit__(None, None, None)
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"Error closing WebSocket connection: {e}")
+                await self.push_error(
+                    error_msg=f"Error closing WebSocket connection: {e}", exception=e
+                )
             finally:
                 logger.debug("Disconnected from Sarvam WebSocket")
                 self._socket_client = None
@@ -371,8 +370,7 @@ class SarvamSTTService(STTService):
             # Messages will be handled via the _message_handler callback
             await self._socket_client.start_listening()
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error in Sarvam receive task: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Sarvam receive task error: {e}", exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(f"Sarvam receive task error: {e}"))
 
     async def _handle_message(self, message):
         """Handle incoming WebSocket message from Sarvam SDK.
@@ -427,8 +425,7 @@ class SarvamSTTService(STTService):
                 await self.stop_processing_metrics()
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"Error handling Sarvam message: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Failed to handle message: {e}", exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(f"Failed to handle message: {e}"))
             await self.stop_all_metrics()
 
     @traced_stt

src/pipecat/services/sarvam/tts.py

@@ -195,15 +195,6 @@ class SarvamHttpTTSService(TTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that Sarvam TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that Sarvam's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     def language_to_service_language(self, language: Language) -> Optional[str]:
         """Convert a Language enum to Sarvam AI language format.
 
@@ -263,8 +254,7 @@ class SarvamHttpTTSService(TTSService):
             async with self._session.post(url, json=payload, headers=headers) as response:
                 if response.status != 200:
                     error_text = await response.text()
-                    logger.error(f"Sarvam API error: {error_text}")
+                    yield ErrorFrame(error=f"Sarvam API error: {error_text}")
-                    await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"Sarvam API error: {error_text}"))
                     return
 
                 response_data = await response.json()
@@ -273,8 +263,7 @@ class SarvamHttpTTSService(TTSService):
 
             # Decode base64 audio data
             if "audios" not in response_data or not response_data["audios"]:
-                logger.error("No audio data received from Sarvam API")
+                yield ErrorFrame(error="No audio data received")
-                await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error="No audio data received"))
                 return
 
             # Get the first audio (there should be only one for single text input)
@@ -295,8 +284,7 @@ class SarvamHttpTTSService(TTSService):
             yield frame
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
         finally:
             await self.stop_ttfb_metrics()
             yield TTSStoppedFrame()
@@ -467,15 +455,6 @@ class SarvamTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that Sarvam TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that Sarvam's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     def language_to_service_language(self, language: Language) -> Optional[str]:
         """Convert a Language enum to Sarvam AI language format.
 
@@ -578,8 +557,7 @@ class SarvamTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
             await self._disconnect_websocket()
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
         finally:
             # Reset state only after everything is cleaned up
             self._started = False
@@ -603,8 +581,9 @@ class SarvamTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
 
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connected")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
+                error_msg=f"Error connecting to Sarvam TTS Websocket: {e}", exception=e
+            )
             self._websocket = None
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connection_error", f"{e}")
 
@@ -620,8 +599,7 @@ class SarvamTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
             await self._websocket.send(json.dumps(config_message))
             logger.debug("Configuration sent successfully")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
             raise
 
     async def _disconnect_websocket(self):
@@ -633,8 +611,7 @@ class SarvamTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                 logger.debug("Disconnecting from Sarvam")
                 await self._websocket.close()
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} error closing websocket: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error closing websocket: {e}", exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
         finally:
             self._started = False
             self._websocket = None
@@ -658,7 +635,7 @@ class SarvamTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                     await self.push_frame(frame)
                 elif msg.get("type") == "error":
                     error_msg = msg["data"]["message"]
-                    logger.error(f"TTS Error: {error_msg}")
+                    await self.push_error(error_msg=f"TTS Error: {error_msg}")
 
                     # If it's a timeout error, the connection might need to be reset
                     if "too long" in error_msg.lower() or "timeout" in error_msg.lower():
@@ -720,7 +697,6 @@ class SarvamTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                 await self._send_text(text)
                 await self.start_tts_usage_metrics(text)
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
                 yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
                 yield TTSStoppedFrame()
                 await self._disconnect()
@@ -728,5 +704,4 @@ class SarvamTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
                 return
             yield None
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")

src/pipecat/services/simli/video.py

@@ -84,6 +84,10 @@ class SimliVideoService(FrameProcessor):
                     Please use 'api_key' and 'face_id' parameters instead.
 
             use_turn_server: Whether to use TURN server for connection. Defaults to False.
+
+                .. deprecated:: 0.0.95
+                    The 'use_turn_server' parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
+
             latency_interval: Latency interval setting for sending health checks to check
                 the latency to Simli Servers. Defaults to 0.
             simli_url: URL of the simli servers. Can be changed for custom deployments
@@ -135,14 +139,20 @@ class SimliVideoService(FrameProcessor):
 
             config = SimliConfig(**config_kwargs)
 
+        if use_turn_server:
+            warnings.warn(
+                "The 'use_turn_server' parameter is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.",
+                DeprecationWarning,
+                stacklevel=2,
+            )
+
         self._initialized = False
         # Add buffer time to session limits
         config.maxIdleTime += 5
         config.maxSessionLength += 5
         self._simli_client = SimliClient(
-            config,
+            config=config,
-            use_turn_server,
+            latencyInterval=latency_interval,
-            latency_interval,
             simliURL=simli_url,
         )
 
@@ -168,7 +178,7 @@ class SimliVideoService(FrameProcessor):
             self._audio_task = self.create_task(self._consume_and_process_audio())
             self._video_task = self.create_task(self._consume_and_process_video())
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self}: unable to start connection: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Unable to start connection: {e}", exception=e)
 
     async def _consume_and_process_audio(self):
         """Consume audio frames from Simli and push them downstream."""
@@ -246,7 +256,7 @@ class SimliVideoService(FrameProcessor):
                         await self._simli_client.send(audioBytes)
                 return
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.exception(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+                await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error sending audio: {e}", exception=e)
         elif isinstance(frame, TTSStoppedFrame):
             try:
                 if self._previously_interrupted and len(self._audio_buffer) > 0:
@@ -254,7 +264,7 @@ class SimliVideoService(FrameProcessor):
                     self._previously_interrupted = False
                     self._audio_buffer = bytearray()
             except Exception as e:
-                logger.exception(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+                await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error stopping TTS: {e}", exception=e)
             return
         elif isinstance(frame, (EndFrame, CancelFrame)):
             await self._stop()

src/pipecat/services/soniox/stt.py

@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ class SonioxSTTService(STTService):
         self._websocket = await websocket_connect(self._url)
 
         if not self._websocket:
-            logger.error(f"Unable to connect to Soniox API at {self._url}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Unable to connect to Soniox API at {self._url}")
 
         # If vad_force_turn_endpoint is not enabled, we need to enable endpoint detection.
         # Either one or the other is required.
@@ -327,8 +327,7 @@ class SonioxSTTService(STTService):
             # Expected when closing the connection
             logger.debug("WebSocket connection closed, keepalive task stopped.")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
 
     async def _receive_task_handler(self):
         if not self._websocket:
@@ -404,13 +403,8 @@ class SonioxSTTService(STTService):
                 if error_code or error_message:
                     # In case of error, still send the final transcript (if any remaining in the buffer).
                     await send_endpoint_transcript()
-                    logger.error(
-                        f"{self} error: {error_code} (_receive_task_handler) - {error_message}"
-                    )
                     await self.push_error(
-                        ErrorFrame(
+                        error_msg=f"{self} error: {error_code} (_receive_task_handler) - {error_message}"
-                            error=f"{self} error: {error_code} (_receive_task_handler) - {error_message}"
-                        )
                     )
 
                 finished = content.get("finished")
@@ -425,5 +419,4 @@ class SonioxSTTService(STTService):
             # Expected when closing the connection.
             pass
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error receiving message: {e}", exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))

src/pipecat/services/speechmatics/stt.py

@@ -467,7 +467,6 @@ class SpeechmaticsSTTService(STTService):
                 await self._client.send_audio(audio)
             yield None
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
             await self._disconnect()
 
@@ -514,8 +513,7 @@ class SpeechmaticsSTTService(STTService):
                 self._client.send_message(payload), self.get_event_loop()
             )
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
             raise RuntimeError(f"error sending message to STT: {e}")
 
     async def _connect(self) -> None:
@@ -581,8 +579,7 @@ class SpeechmaticsSTTService(STTService):
             logger.debug(f"{self} Connected to Speechmatics STT service")
             await self._call_event_handler("on_connected")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(error_msg=f"Error connecting to Speechmatics: {e}", exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
             self._client = None
 
     async def _disconnect(self) -> None:
@@ -596,8 +593,9 @@ class SpeechmaticsSTTService(STTService):
         except asyncio.TimeoutError:
             logger.warning(f"{self} Timeout while closing Speechmatics client connection")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
+                error_msg=f"Error disconnecting from Speechmatics: {e}", exception=e
+            )
         finally:
             self._client = None
             await self._call_event_handler("on_disconnected")

src/pipecat/services/speechmatics/tts.py

@@ -105,15 +105,6 @@ class SpeechmaticsTTSService(TTSService):
         """
         return True
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates that Speechmatics TTSTextFrames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            True, indicating that Speechmatics's text frames include necessary inter-frame spaces.
-        """
-        return True
-
     @traced_tts
     async def run_tts(self, text: str) -> AsyncGenerator[Frame, None]:
         """Generate speech from text using Speechmatics' HTTP API.
@@ -183,16 +174,13 @@ class SpeechmaticsTTSService(TTSService):
 
                         except (ValueError, ArithmeticError):
                             yield ErrorFrame(
-                                error=f"{self} Service unavailable [503] (attempts {attempt})",
+                                error=f"{self} Service unavailable [503] (attempts {attempt})"
-                                fatal=True,
                             )
                             return
 
                     # != 200 : Error
                     if response.status != 200:
-                        yield ErrorFrame(
+                        yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} Service unavailable [{response.status}]")
-                            error=f"{self} Service unavailable [{response.status}]", fatal=True
-                        )
                         return
 
                     # Update Pipecat metrics
@@ -234,7 +222,7 @@ class SpeechmaticsTTSService(TTSService):
                     break
 
         except Exception as e:
-            yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self}: Error generating TTS: {e}", fatal=True)
+            yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self}: Error generating TTS: {e}")
         finally:
             # Emit the TTS stopped frame
             yield TTSStoppedFrame()

src/pipecat/services/stt_service.py

@@ -329,4 +329,4 @@ class WebsocketSTTService(STTService, WebsocketService):
 
     async def _report_error(self, error: ErrorFrame):
         await self._call_event_handler("on_connection_error", error.error)
-        await self.push_error(error)
+        await self.push_error_frame(error)

src/pipecat/services/tts_service.py

@@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ from typing import (
     Any,
     AsyncGenerator,
     AsyncIterator,
-    Awaitable,
-    Callable,
     Dict,
     List,
     Mapping,
@@ -25,8 +23,6 @@ from typing import (
 from loguru import logger
 
 from pipecat.frames.frames import (
-    AggregatedTextFrame,
-    AggregationType,
     BotStartedSpeakingFrame,
     BotStoppedSpeakingFrame,
     CancelFrame,
@@ -105,16 +101,6 @@ class TTSService(AIService):
         sample_rate: Optional[int] = None,
         # Text aggregator to aggregate incoming tokens and decide when to push to the TTS.
         text_aggregator: Optional[BaseTextAggregator] = None,
-        # Types of text aggregations that should not be spoken.
-        skip_aggregator_types: Optional[List[str]] = [],
-        # A list of callables to transform text before just before sending it to TTS.
-        # Each callable takes the aggregated text and its type, and returns the transformed text.
-        # To register, provide a list of tuples of (aggregation_type | '*', transform_function).
-        text_transforms: Optional[
-            List[
-                Tuple[AggregationType | str, Callable[[str, str | AggregationType], Awaitable[str]]]
-            ]
-        ] = None,
         # Text filter executed after text has been aggregated.
         text_filters: Optional[Sequence[BaseTextFilter]] = None,
         text_filter: Optional[BaseTextFilter] = None,
@@ -134,16 +120,6 @@ class TTSService(AIService):
             pause_frame_processing: Whether to pause frame processing during audio generation.
             sample_rate: Output sample rate for generated audio.
             text_aggregator: Custom text aggregator for processing incoming text.
-
-                .. deprecated:: 0.0.95
-                    Use an LLMTextProcessor before the TTSService for custom text aggregation.
-
-            skip_aggregator_types: List of aggregation types that should not be spoken.
-            text_transforms: A list of callables to transform text before just before sending it
-                to TTS. Each callable takes the aggregated text and its type, and returns the
-                transformed text. To register, provide a list of tuples of
-                (aggregation_type | '*', transform_function).
-
             text_filters: Sequence of text filters to apply after aggregation.
             text_filter: Single text filter (deprecated, use text_filters).
 
@@ -166,21 +142,7 @@ class TTSService(AIService):
         self._voice_id: str = ""
         self._settings: Dict[str, Any] = {}
         self._text_aggregator: BaseTextAggregator = text_aggregator or SimpleTextAggregator()
-        if text_aggregator:
+        self._aggregated_text_includes_inter_frame_spaces: bool = False
-            import warnings
-
-            with warnings.catch_warnings():
-                warnings.simplefilter("always")
-                warnings.warn(
-                    "Parameter 'text_aggregator' is deprecated. Use an LLMTextProcessor before the TTSService for custom text aggregation.",
-                    DeprecationWarning,
-                )
-
-        self._skip_aggregator_types: List[str] = skip_aggregator_types or []
-        self._text_transforms: List[
-            Tuple[AggregationType | str, Callable[[str, AggregationType | str], Awaitable[str]]]
-        ] = text_transforms or []
-        # TODO: Deprecate _text_filters when added to LLMTextProcessor
         self._text_filters: Sequence[BaseTextFilter] = text_filters or []
         self._transport_destination: Optional[str] = transport_destination
         self._tracing_enabled: bool = False
@@ -231,23 +193,6 @@ class TTSService(AIService):
         CHUNK_SECONDS = 0.5
         return int(self.sample_rate * CHUNK_SECONDS * 2)  # 2 bytes/sample
 
-    @property
-    def includes_inter_frame_spaces(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates whether TTSTextFrames include necesary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        When True, the TTSTextFrame objects pushed by this service already
-        include all necessary spaces between subsequent frames. When False,
-        downstream processors (like the assistant context aggregator) may need
-        to add spacing.
-
-        Subclasses should override this property to return True if their text
-        generation process already includes necessary inter-frame spaces.
-
-        Returns:
-            False by default. Subclasses can override to return True.
-        """
-        return False
-
     async def set_model(self, model: str):
         """Set the TTS model to use.
 
@@ -337,39 +282,6 @@ class TTSService(AIService):
             await self.cancel_task(self._stop_frame_task)
             self._stop_frame_task = None
 
-    def add_text_transformer(
-        self,
-        transform_function: Callable[[str, AggregationType | str], Awaitable[str]],
-        aggregation_type: AggregationType | str = "*",
-    ):
-        """Transform text for a specific aggregation type.
-
-        Args:
-            transform_function: The function to apply for transformation. This function should take
-                the text and aggregation type as input and return the transformed text.
-                Ex.: async def my_transform(text: str, aggregation_type: str) -> str:
-            aggregation_type: The type of aggregation to transform. This value defaults to "*" indicating
-                the function should handle all text before sending to TTS.
-        """
-        self._text_transforms.append((aggregation_type, transform_function))
-
-    def remove_text_transformer(
-        self,
-        transform_function: Callable[[str, AggregationType | str], Awaitable[str]],
-        aggregation_type: AggregationType | str = "*",
-    ):
-        """Remove a text transformer for a specific aggregation type.
-
-        Args:
-            transform_function: The function to remove.
-            aggregation_type: The type of aggregation to remove the transformer for.
-        """
-        self._text_transforms = [
-            (agg_type, func)
-            for agg_type, func in self._text_transforms
-            if not (agg_type == aggregation_type and func == transform_function)
-        ]
-
     async def _update_settings(self, settings: Mapping[str, Any]):
         for key, value in settings.items():
             if key in self._settings:
@@ -425,8 +337,6 @@ class TTSService(AIService):
             and frame.skip_tts
         ):
             await self.push_frame(frame, direction)
-        elif isinstance(frame, AggregatedTextFrame):
-            await self._push_tts_frames(frame)
         elif (
             isinstance(frame, TextFrame)
             and not isinstance(frame, InterimTranscriptionFrame)
@@ -442,10 +352,17 @@ class TTSService(AIService):
             # pause to avoid audio overlapping.
             await self._maybe_pause_frame_processing()
 
-            aggregate = self._text_aggregator.text
+            sentence = self._text_aggregator.text
+            includes_inter_frame_spaces = self._aggregated_text_includes_inter_frame_spaces
+
+            # Reset aggregator state
             await self._text_aggregator.reset()
             self._processing_text = False
-            await self._push_tts_frames(AggregatedTextFrame(aggregate.text, aggregate.type))
+            self._aggregated_text_includes_inter_frame_spaces = False
+
+            await self._push_tts_frames(
+                sentence, includes_inter_frame_spaces=includes_inter_frame_spaces
+            )
             if isinstance(frame, LLMFullResponseEndFrame):
                 if self._push_text_frames:
                     await self.push_frame(frame, direction)
@@ -454,7 +371,8 @@ class TTSService(AIService):
         elif isinstance(frame, TTSSpeakFrame):
             # Store if we were processing text or not so we can set it back.
             processing_text = self._processing_text
-            await self._push_tts_frames(AggregatedTextFrame(frame.text, AggregationType.SENTENCE))
+            # Assumption: text in TTSSpeakFrame does not include inter-frame spaces
+            await self._push_tts_frames(frame.text, includes_inter_frame_spaces=False)
             # We pause processing incoming frames because we are sending data to
             # the TTS. We pause to avoid audio overlapping.
             await self._maybe_pause_frame_processing()
@@ -546,24 +464,19 @@ class TTSService(AIService):
         text: Optional[str] = None
         if not self._aggregate_sentences:
             text = frame.text
-            aggregated_by = "token"
         else:
-            aggregate = await self._text_aggregator.aggregate(frame.text)
+            text = await self._text_aggregator.aggregate(frame.text)
-            if aggregate:
+            # Assumption: whether inter-frame spaces are included shouldn't
-                text = aggregate.text
+            # change during aggregation, so we can just use the latest frame's
-                aggregated_by = aggregate.type
+            # value
+            self._aggregated_text_includes_inter_frame_spaces = frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces
 
         if text:
-            logger.trace(f"Pushing TTS frames for text: {text}, {aggregated_by}")
+            await self._push_tts_frames(
-            await self._push_tts_frames(AggregatedTextFrame(text, aggregated_by))
+                text, includes_inter_frame_spaces=frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces
-
+            )
-    async def _push_tts_frames(self, src_frame: AggregatedTextFrame):
-        type = src_frame.aggregated_by
-        text = src_frame.text
-        if type in self._skip_aggregator_types:
-            await self.push_frame(src_frame)
-            return
 
+    async def _push_tts_frames(self, text: str, includes_inter_frame_spaces: bool):
         # Remove leading newlines only
         text = text.lstrip("\n")
 
@@ -584,40 +497,16 @@ class TTSService(AIService):
             await filter.reset_interruption()
             text = await filter.filter(text)
 
-        if not text.strip():
+        if text:
-            await self.stop_processing_metrics()
+            await self.process_generator(self.run_tts(text))
-            return
-
-        # To support use cases that may want to know the text before it's spoken, we
-        # push the AggregatedTextFrame version before transforming and sending to TTS.
-        # However, we do not want to add this text to the assistant context until it
-        # is spoken, so we set append_to_context to False.
-        src_frame.append_to_context = False
-        await self.push_frame(src_frame)
-
-        # Note: Text transformations are meant to only affect the text sent to the TTS for
-        # TTS-specific purposes. This allows for explicit TTS modifications (e.g., inserting
-        # TTS supported tags for spelling or emotion or replacing an @ with "at"). For TTS
-        # services that support word-level timestamps, this CAN affect the resulting context
-        # since the TTSTextFrames are generated from the TTS output stream
-        transformed_text = text
-        for aggregation_type, transform in self._text_transforms:
-            if aggregation_type == type or aggregation_type == "*":
-                transformed_text = await transform(transformed_text, type)
-        await self.process_generator(self.run_tts(transformed_text))
 
         await self.stop_processing_metrics()
 
         if self._push_text_frames:
-            # In TTS services that support word timestamps, the TTSTextFrames
+            # We send the original text after the audio. This way, if we are
-            # are pushed as words are spoken. However, in the case where the TTS service
+            # interrupted, the text is not added to the assistant context.
-            # does not support word timestamps (i.e. _push_text_frames is True), we send
+            frame = TTSTextFrame(text)
-            # the original (non-transformed) text after the TTS generation has completed.
+            frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces = includes_inter_frame_spaces
-            # This way, if we are interrupted, the text is not added to the assistant
-            # context and the context that IS added does not include TTS-specific tags
-            # or transformations.
-            frame = TTSTextFrame(text, aggregated_by=type)
-            frame.includes_inter_frame_spaces = self.includes_inter_frame_spaces
             await self.push_frame(frame)
 
     async def _stop_frame_handler(self):
@@ -744,7 +633,9 @@ class WordTTSService(TTSService):
                 frame = TTSStoppedFrame()
                 frame.pts = last_pts
             else:
-                frame = TTSTextFrame(word, aggregated_by=AggregationType.WORD)
+                # Assumption: word-by-word text frames don't include spaces, so
+                # we can rely on the default includes_inter_frame_spaces=False
+                frame = TTSTextFrame(word)
                 frame.pts = self._initial_word_timestamp + timestamp
             if frame:
                 last_pts = frame.pts
@@ -780,7 +671,7 @@ class WebsocketTTSService(TTSService, WebsocketService):
 
     async def _report_error(self, error: ErrorFrame):
         await self._call_event_handler("on_connection_error", error.error)
-        await self.push_error(error)
+        await self.push_error_frame(error)
 
 
 class InterruptibleTTSService(WebsocketTTSService):
@@ -842,7 +733,7 @@ class WebsocketWordTTSService(WordTTSService, WebsocketService):
 
     async def _report_error(self, error: ErrorFrame):
         await self._call_event_handler("on_connection_error", error.error)
-        await self.push_error(error)
+        await self.push_error_frame(error)
 
 
 class InterruptibleWordTTSService(WebsocketWordTTSService):

src/pipecat/services/ultravox/stt.py

@@ -246,8 +246,7 @@ class UltravoxSTTService(AIService):
 
             logger.info("Model warm-up completed successfully")
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
+            await self.push_error(exception=e)
-            await self.push_error(ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}"))
 
     def _generate_silent_audio(self, sample_rate=16000, duration_sec=1.0):
         """Generate silent audio as a numpy array.
@@ -437,17 +436,11 @@ class UltravoxSTTService(AIService):
                     yield LLMFullResponseEndFrame()
 
                 except Exception as e:
-                    logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
                     yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
             else:
-                logger.error("No model available for text generation")
                 yield ErrorFrame("No model available for text generation")
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
-            import traceback
-
-            logger.error(traceback.format_exc())
             yield ErrorFrame(f"Error processing audio: {str(e)}")
         finally:
             self._buffer.is_processing = False

src/pipecat/services/websocket_service.py

@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ class WebsocketService(ABC):
         """
         self._websocket: Optional[websockets.WebSocketClientProtocol] = None
         self._reconnect_on_error = reconnect_on_error
+        self._reconnect_in_progress: bool = False  # Add this flag
 
     async def _verify_connection(self) -> bool:
         """Verify the websocket connection is active and responsive.
@@ -66,6 +67,59 @@ class WebsocketService(ABC):
         await self._connect_websocket()
         return await self._verify_connection()
 
+    async def _try_reconnect(
+        self,
+        max_retries: int = 3,
+        report_error: Optional[Callable[[ErrorFrame], Awaitable[None]]] = None,
+    ) -> bool:
+        # Prevent concurrent reconnection attempts
+        if self._reconnect_in_progress:
+            logger.warning(f"{self} reconnect attempt aborted: already in progress")
+            return False
+
+        self._reconnect_in_progress = True
+        last_exception: Optional[Exception] = None
+        try:
+            for attempt in range(1, max_retries + 1):
+                try:
+                    logger.warning(f"{self} reconnecting, attempt {attempt}")
+                    if await self._reconnect_websocket(attempt):
+                        logger.info(f"{self} reconnected successfully on attempt {attempt}")
+                        return True
+                except Exception as e:
+                    last_exception = e
+                    logger.error(f"{self} reconnection attempt {attempt} failed: {e}")
+                    if report_error:
+                        await report_error(
+                            ErrorFrame(f"{self} reconnection attempt {attempt} failed: {e}")
+                        )
+                wait_time = exponential_backoff_time(attempt)
+                await asyncio.sleep(wait_time)
+            fatal_msg = f"{self} failed to reconnect after {max_retries} attempts"
+            if last_exception:
+                fatal_msg += f": {last_exception}"
+            logger.error(fatal_msg)
+            if report_error:
+                await report_error(ErrorFrame(fatal_msg, fatal=True))
+            return False
+        finally:
+            self._reconnect_in_progress = False
+
+    async def send_with_retry(self, message, report_error: Callable[[ErrorFrame], Awaitable[None]]):
+        """Attempt to send a message, retrying after reconnect if necessary."""
+        try:
+            await self._websocket.send(message)
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"{self} send failed: {e}, will try to reconnect")
+            # Try to reconnect before retrying
+            success = await self._try_reconnect(report_error=report_error)
+            if success:
+                logger.info(f"{self} reconnected successfully, will retry send the message")
+                # trying to send the message one more time
+                await self._websocket.send(message)
+            else:
+                logger.error(f"{self} send failed; unable to reconnect")
+
     async def _receive_task_handler(self, report_error: Callable[[ErrorFrame], Awaitable[None]]):
         """Handle websocket message receiving with automatic retry logic.
 
@@ -76,13 +130,9 @@ class WebsocketService(ABC):
         Args:
             report_error: Callback function to report connection errors.
         """
-        retry_count = 0
-        MAX_RETRIES = 3
-
         while True:
             try:
                 await self._receive_messages()
-                retry_count = 0  # Reset counter on successful message receive
             except ConnectionClosedOK as e:
                 # Normal closure, don't retry
                 logger.debug(f"{self} connection closed normally: {e}")
@@ -92,21 +142,9 @@ class WebsocketService(ABC):
                 logger.error(message)
 
                 if self._reconnect_on_error:
-                    retry_count += 1
+                    success = await self._try_reconnect(report_error=report_error)
-                    if retry_count >= MAX_RETRIES:
+                    if not success:
-                        await report_error(ErrorFrame(message))
                         break
-
-                    logger.warning(f"{self} connection error, will retry: {e}")
-                    await report_error(ErrorFrame(message))
-
-                    try:
-                        if await self._reconnect_websocket(retry_count):
-                            retry_count = 0  # Reset counter on successful reconnection
-                        wait_time = exponential_backoff_time(retry_count)
-                        await asyncio.sleep(wait_time)
-                    except Exception as reconnect_error:
-                        logger.error(f"{self} reconnection failed: {reconnect_error}")
                 else:
                     await report_error(ErrorFrame(message))
                     break

src/pipecat/services/whisper/base_stt.py

@@ -226,7 +226,6 @@ class BaseWhisperSTTService(SegmentedSTTService):
                 logger.warning("Received empty transcription from API")
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")
 
     async def _transcribe(self, audio: bytes) -> Transcription:

src/pipecat/services/whisper/stt.py

@@ -285,7 +285,6 @@ class WhisperSTTService(SegmentedSTTService):
             The service will normalize it to float32 in the range [-1, 1].
         """
         if not self._model:
-            logger.error(f"{self} error: Whisper model not available")
             yield ErrorFrame("Whisper model not available")
             return
 
@@ -428,5 +427,4 @@ class WhisperSTTServiceMLX(WhisperSTTService):
                 )
 
         except Exception as e:
-            logger.error(f"{self} exception: {e}")
             yield ErrorFrame(error=f"{self} error: {e}")

src/pipecat/services/xtts/tts.py

@@ -141,13 +141,8 @@ class XTTSService(TTSService):
         async with self._aiohttp_session.get(self._settings["base_url"] + "/studio_speakers") as r:
             if r.status != 200:
                 text = await r.text()
-                logger.error(
-                    f"{self} error getting studio speakers (status: {r.status}, error: {text})"
-                )
                 await self.push_error(
-                    ErrorFrame(
+                    error_msg=f"{self} error getting studio speakers (status: {r.status}, error: {text})"
-                        error=f"Error getting studio speakers (status: {r.status}, error: {text})"
-                    )
                 )
                 return
             self._studio_speakers = await r.json()
@@ -186,7 +181,6 @@ class XTTSService(TTSService):
         async with self._aiohttp_session.post(url, json=payload) as r:
             if r.status != 200:
                 text = await r.text()
-                logger.error(f"{self} error getting audio (status: {r.status}, error: {text})")
                 yield ErrorFrame(error=f"Error getting audio (status: {r.status}, error: {text})")
                 return
 

src/pipecat/tests/utils.py

@@ -203,16 +203,8 @@ async def run_test(
             if not isinstance(frame, EndFrame) or not send_end_frame:
                 received_down_frames.append(frame)
 
-        down_frames_printed = "["
+        print("received DOWN frames =", received_down_frames)
-        for frame in received_down_frames:
+        print("expected DOWN frames =", expected_down_frames)
-            down_frames_printed += f"{frame.__class__.__name__}, "
-        down_frames_printed += "]"
-        expected_frames_printed = "["
-        for frame in expected_down_frames:
-            expected_frames_printed += f"{frame.__name__}, "
-        expected_frames_printed += "]"
-        print("received DOWN frames =", down_frames_printed)
-        print("expected DOWN frames =", expected_frames_printed)
 
         assert len(received_down_frames) == len(expected_down_frames)