Update the remaining docstrings, update pre-commit hook, add docstring formatting CI, update CONTRIBUTING with formatting guidance (#2089)

.github/workflows/format.yaml

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ concurrency:
 
 jobs:
   ruff-format:
-    name: "Formatting checker"
+    name: "Code quality checks"
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repo
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           source .venv/bin/activate
           ruff format --diff
-      - name: Ruff import linter
+      - name: Ruff linter (all rules)
         id: ruff-check
         run: |
           source .venv/bin/activate
-          ruff check --select I
+          ruff check

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -71,6 +71,21 @@ We follow Google-style docstrings with these specific conventions:
 - Use `Parameters:` section to document each enum value and its meaning
 - No `__init__` docstring (Enums don't have custom constructors)
 
+**Code Examples in Docstrings:**
+
+- Use `Examples:` as a section header for multiple examples
+- Use descriptive text followed by double colons (`::`) for each example
+- **Always include a blank line after the `::"`**
+- Indent all code consistently within each block
+- Separate multiple examples with blank lines for readability
+
+**Lists and Bullets in Docstrings:**
+
+- Use dashes (`-`) for bullet points, not asterisks (`*`)
+- **Add a blank line before bullet lists** when they follow a colon
+- Use section headers like "Supported features:" or "Behavior:" before lists
+- For complex nested information, consider using paragraph format instead
+
 #### Examples:
 
 ```python
@@ -80,6 +95,12 @@ class MyService(BaseService):
 
     Provides detailed explanation of the service's functionality,
     key features, and usage patterns.
+
+    Supported features:
+
+    - Feature one with detailed explanation
+    - Feature two with additional context
+    - Feature three for advanced use cases
     """
 
     def __init__(self, param1: str, param2: bool = True, **kwargs):
@@ -127,6 +148,34 @@ class ConfigParams:
     port: int = 8080
     timeout: float = 30.0
 
+# Dataclass with code examples
+@dataclass
+class MessageFrame:
+    """Frame containing messages in OpenAI format.
+
+    Supports both simple and content list message formats.
+
+    Examples:
+        Simple format::
+
+            [
+                {"role": "user", "content": "Hello"},
+                {"role": "assistant", "content": "Hi there!"}
+            ]
+
+        Content list format::
+
+            [
+                {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "text", "text": "Hello"}]},
+                {"role": "assistant", "content": [{"type": "text", "text": "Hi there!"}]}
+            ]
+
+    Parameters:
+        messages: List of messages in OpenAI format.
+    """
+
+    messages: List[dict]
+
 # Enum class
 class Status(Enum):
     """Status codes for processing operations.

docs/api/conf.py

@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@ extensions = [
     "sphinx.ext.intersphinx",
 ]
 
+suppress_warnings = [
+    "autodoc.mocked_object",
+]
+
 # Napoleon settings
 napoleon_google_docstring = True
 napoleon_include_init_with_doc = True
@@ -71,7 +75,6 @@ autodoc_mock_imports = [
     "langchain",
     "lmnt",
     "noisereduce",
-    "openai",
     "openpipe",
     "simli",
     "soundfile",
@@ -81,10 +84,6 @@ autodoc_mock_imports = [
     "tkinter",
     "daily",
     "daily_python",
-    "pydantic.BaseModel",
-    "pydantic.Field",
-    "pydantic._internal._model_construction",
-    "pydantic._internal._fields",
     # Moondream dependencies
     "torch",
     "transformers",
@@ -167,6 +166,19 @@ autodoc_mock_imports = [
     "mcp.client.stdio",
     "mcp.ClientSession",
     "mcp.StdioServerParameters",
+    # gstreamer
+    "gi",
+    "gi.require_version",
+    "gi.repository",
+    # Protobuf mocks
+    "pipecat.frames.protobufs.frames_pb2",
+    "pipecat.serializers.protobuf",
+    "google.protobuf",
+    "google.protobuf.descriptor",
+    "google.protobuf.descriptor_pool",
+    "google.protobuf.runtime_version",
+    "google.protobuf.symbol_database",
+    "google.protobuf.internal.builder",
 ]
 
 # HTML output settings
@@ -176,76 +188,32 @@ autodoc_typehints = "signature"  # Show type hints in the signature only, not in
 html_show_sphinx = False
 
 
-def verify_modules():
+def import_core_modules():
-    """Verify that required modules are available."""
+    """Import core pipecat modules for autodoc to discover."""
-    required_modules = {
+    core_modules = [
-        "services": [
+        "pipecat",
-            "assemblyai",
+        "pipecat.frames",
-            "aws",
+        "pipecat.pipeline",
-            "cartesia",
+        "pipecat.processors",
-            "deepgram",
+        "pipecat.services",
-            "google",
+        "pipecat.transports",
-            "lmnt",
+        "pipecat.audio",
-            "riva",
+        "pipecat.adapters",
-            "simli",
+        "pipecat.clocks",
-        ],
+        "pipecat.metrics",
-        "serializers": ["livekit"],
+        "pipecat.observers",
-        "vad": ["silero", "vad_analyzer"],
+        "pipecat.serializers",
-        "transports": {
+        "pipecat.sync",
-            "services": ["daily", "livekit"],
+        "pipecat.transcriptions",
-            "local": ["audio", "tk"],
+        "pipecat.utils",
-            "network": ["fastapi_websocket", "websocket_server"],
+    ]
-        },
-    }
 
-    # Skip importing modules that are in autodoc_mock_imports
+    for module_name in core_modules:
-    skipped_modules = set(autodoc_mock_imports)
+        try:
-
+            __import__(module_name)
-    missing = []
+            logger.info(f"Successfully imported {module_name}")
-    for category, modules in required_modules.items():
+        except ImportError as e:
-        if isinstance(modules, dict):
+            logger.warning(f"Failed to import {module_name}: {e}")
-            # Handle nested structure
-            for subcategory, submodules in modules.items():
-                for module in submodules:
-                    # Check if module is in autodoc_mock_imports
-                    if (
-                        f"pipecat.{category}.{subcategory}.{module}" in skipped_modules
-                        or module in skipped_modules
-                    ):
-                        logger.info(
-                            f"Skipping import of mocked module: pipecat.{category}.{subcategory}.{module}"
-                        )
-                        continue
-
-                    try:
-                        __import__(f"pipecat.{category}.{subcategory}.{module}")
-                        logger.info(
-                            f"Successfully imported pipecat.{category}.{subcategory}.{module}"
-                        )
-                    except (ImportError, TypeError, NameError) as e:
-                        missing.append(f"pipecat.{category}.{subcategory}.{module}")
-                        logger.warning(
-                            f"Optional module not available: pipecat.{category}.{subcategory}.{module} - {str(e)}"
-                        )
-        else:
-            # Handle flat structure
-            for module in modules:
-                # Check if module is in autodoc_mock_imports
-                if f"pipecat.{category}.{module}" in skipped_modules or module in skipped_modules:
-                    logger.info(f"Skipping import of mocked module: pipecat.{category}.{module}")
-                    continue
-
-                try:
-                    __import__(f"pipecat.{category}.{module}")
-                    logger.info(f"Successfully imported pipecat.{category}.{module}")
-                except (ImportError, TypeError, NameError) as e:
-                    missing.append(f"pipecat.{category}.{module}")
-                    logger.warning(
-                        f"Optional module not available: pipecat.{category}.{module} - {str(e)}"
-                    )
-
-    if missing:
-        logger.warning(f"Some optional modules are not available: {missing}")
 
 
 def clean_title(title: str) -> str:
@@ -257,40 +225,7 @@ def clean_title(title: str) -> str:
     parts = title.split(".")
     title = parts[-1]
 
-    # Special cases for service names and common acronyms
+    return title
-    special_cases = {
-        "ai": "AI",
-        "aws": "AWS",
-        "api": "API",
-        "vad": "VAD",
-        "assemblyai": "AssemblyAI",
-        "deepgram": "Deepgram",
-        "elevenlabs": "ElevenLabs",
-        "openai": "OpenAI",
-        "openpipe": "OpenPipe",
-        "playht": "PlayHT",
-        "xtts": "XTTS",
-        "lmnt": "LMNT",
-        "stt": "STT",
-        "tts": "TTS",
-        "llm": "LLM",
-        "rtvi": "RTVI",
-    }
-
-    # Check if the entire title is a special case
-    if title.lower() in special_cases:
-        return special_cases[title.lower()]
-
-    # Otherwise, capitalize each word
-    words = title.split("_")
-    cleaned_words = []
-    for word in words:
-        if word.lower() in special_cases:
-            cleaned_words.append(special_cases[word.lower()])
-        else:
-            cleaned_words.append(word.capitalize())
-
-    return " ".join(cleaned_words)
 
 
 def setup(app):
@@ -315,9 +250,8 @@ def setup(app):
 
     excludes = [
         str(project_root / "src/pipecat/pipeline/to_be_updated"),
-        str(project_root / "src/pipecat/processors/gstreamer"),
+        str(project_root / "src/pipecat/examples"),
-        str(project_root / "src/pipecat/services/to_be_updated"),
+        str(project_root / "src/pipecat/tests"),
-        str(project_root / "src/pipecat/vad"),  # deprecated
         "**/test_*.py",
         "**/tests/*.py",
     ]
@@ -358,5 +292,4 @@ def setup(app):
         logger.error(f"Error generating API documentation: {e}", exc_info=True)
 
 
-# Run module verification
+import_core_modules()
-verify_modules()

docs/api/index.rst

@@ -1,57 +1,17 @@
-Pipecat API Reference Docs
+Pipecat API Reference
-==========================
+=====================
 
-Welcome to Pipecat's API reference documentation!
+Welcome to the Pipecat API reference.
 
-Pipecat is an open source framework for building voice and multimodal assistants.
+Use the navigation on the left to browse modules, or search using the search box.
-It provides a flexible pipeline architecture for connecting various AI services,
+
-audio processing, and transport layers.
+**New to Pipecat?** Check out the `main documentation <https://docs.pipecat.ai>`_ for tutorials, guides, and client SDK information.
 
 Quick Links
 -----------
 
 * `GitHub Repository <https://github.com/pipecat-ai/pipecat>`_
-* `Website <https://pipecat.ai>`_
+* `Join our Community <https://discord.gg/pipecat>`_
-
-API Reference
--------------
-
-Core Components
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-* :mod:`Frames <pipecat.frames>`
-* :mod:`Processors <pipecat.processors>`
-* :mod:`Pipeline <pipecat.pipeline>`
-
-Audio Processing
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-* :mod:`Audio <pipecat.audio>`
-
-Services
-~~~~~~~~
-
-* :mod:`Services <pipecat.services>`
-
-Transport & Serialization
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-* :mod:`Transports <pipecat.transports>`
-   * :mod:`Local <pipecat.transports.local>`
-   * :mod:`Network <pipecat.transports.network>`
-   * :mod:`Services <pipecat.transports.services>`
-* :mod:`Serializers <pipecat.serializers>`
-
-Utilities
-~~~~~~~~~
-
-* :mod:`Adapters <pipecat.adapters>`
-* :mod:`Clocks <pipecat.clocks>`
-* :mod:`Metrics <pipecat.metrics>`
-* :mod:`Observers <pipecat.observers>`
-* :mod:`Sync <pipecat.sync>`
-* :mod:`Transcriptions <pipecat.transcriptions>`
-* :mod:`Utils <pipecat.utils>`
 
 .. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 3
@@ -72,10 +32,3 @@ Utilities
    Transcriptions <api/pipecat.transcriptions>
    Transports <api/pipecat.transports>
    Utils <api/pipecat.utils>
-
-Indices and tables
-==================
-
-* :ref:`genindex`
-* :ref:`modindex`
-* :ref:`search`

pyproject.toml

@@ -123,9 +123,21 @@ select = [
     "D", # Docstring rules
     "I", # Import rules
 ]
+ignore = [
+    "D105",  # Missing docstring in magic methods (__str__, __repr__, etc.)
+]
 
 [tool.ruff.lint.per-file-ignores]
+# Skip docstring checks for non-source code
+"examples/**/*.py" = ["D"]
+"tests/**/*.py" = ["D"] 
+"scripts/**/*.py" = ["D"]
+"docs/**/*.py" = ["D"]
+# Skip D104 (missing docstring in public package) for __init__.py files
 "**/__init__.py" = ["D104"]
+# Skip specific rules for generated protobuf files
+"**/*_pb2.py" = ["D"]
+"src/pipecat/services/__init__.py" = ["D"]
 
 [tool.ruff.lint.pydocstyle]
 convention = "google"

scripts/pre-commit.sh

@@ -1,3 +1,27 @@
-#!/bin/sh
+#!/bin/bash
 
-NO_COLOR=1 ruff format --diff
+# Color codes for output
+RED='\033[0;31m'
+GREEN='\033[0;32m'
+NC='\033[0m' # No Color
+
+echo "🔍 Running pre-commit checks..."
+
+# Change to project root (one level up from scripts/)
+cd "$(dirname "$0")/.."
+
+# Format check
+echo "📝 Checking code formatting..."
+if ! NO_COLOR=1 ruff format --diff --check; then
+    echo -e "${RED}❌ Code formatting issues found. Run 'ruff format' to fix.${NC}"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+# Lint check
+echo "🔍 Running linter..."
+if ! ruff check; then
+    echo -e "${RED}❌ Linting issues found.${NC}"
+    exit 1
+fi
+
+echo -e "${GREEN}✅ All pre-commit checks passed!${NC}"

src/pipecat/adapters/base_llm_adapter.py

@@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2024–2025, Daily
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
+#
+
+"""Base adapter for LLM provider integration.
+
+This module provides the abstract base class for implementing LLM provider-specific
+adapters that handle tool format conversion and standardization.
+"""
+
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from typing import Any, List, Union, cast
 
@@ -7,12 +19,35 @@ from pipecat.adapters.schemas.tools_schema import ToolsSchema
 
 
 class BaseLLMAdapter(ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for LLM provider adapters.
+
+    Provides a standard interface for converting between Pipecat's standardized
+    tool schemas and provider-specific tool formats. Subclasses must implement
+    provider-specific conversion logic.
+    """
+
     @abstractmethod
     def to_provider_tools_format(self, tools_schema: ToolsSchema) -> List[Any]:
-        """Converts tools to the provider's format."""
+        """Convert tools schema to the provider's specific format.
+
+        Args:
+            tools_schema: The standardized tools schema to convert.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of tools in the provider's expected format.
+        """
         pass
 
     def from_standard_tools(self, tools: Any) -> List[Any]:
+        """Convert tools from standard format to provider format.
+
+        Args:
+            tools: Tools in standard format or provider-specific format.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of tools converted to provider format, or original tools
+            if not in standard format.
+        """
         if isinstance(tools, ToolsSchema):
             logger.debug(f"Retrieving the tools using the adapter: {type(self)}")
             return self.to_provider_tools_format(tools)

src/pipecat/adapters/schemas/function_schema.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Function schema utilities for AI tool definitions.
+
+This module provides standardized function schema representation for defining
+tools and functions used with AI models, ensuring consistent formatting
+across different AI service providers.
+"""
+
 from typing import Any, Dict, List
 
 
@@ -13,17 +20,19 @@ class FunctionSchema:
     Provides a structured way to define function tools used with AI models like OpenAI.
     This schema defines the function's name, description, parameter properties, and
     required parameters, following specifications required by AI service providers.
-
-    Args:
-        name: Name of the function to be called.
-        description: Description of what the function does.
-        properties: Dictionary defining parameter types, descriptions, and constraints.
-        required: List of property names that are required parameters.
     """
 
     def __init__(
         self, name: str, description: str, properties: Dict[str, Any], required: List[str]
     ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the function schema.
+
+        Args:
+            name: Name of the function to be called.
+            description: Description of what the function does.
+            properties: Dictionary defining parameter types, descriptions, and constraints.
+            required: List of property names that are required parameters.
+        """
         self._name = name
         self._description = description
         self._properties = properties

src/pipecat/adapters/schemas/tools_schema.py

@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Tools schema definitions for function calling adapters.
+
+This module provides schemas for managing both standardized function tools
+and custom adapter-specific tools in the Pipecat framework.
+"""
+
 from enum import Enum
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional
 
@@ -11,33 +17,61 @@ from pipecat.adapters.schemas.function_schema import FunctionSchema
 
 
 class AdapterType(Enum):
+    """Supported adapter types for custom tools.
+
+    Parameters:
+        GEMINI: Google Gemini adapter - currently the only service supporting custom tools.
+    """
+
     GEMINI = "gemini"  # that is the only service where we are able to add custom tools for now
 
 
 class ToolsSchema:
+    """Schema for managing both standard and custom function calling tools.
+
+    This class provides a unified interface for handling standardized function
+    schemas alongside custom tools that may not follow the standard format,
+    such as adapter-specific search tools.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         standard_tools: List[FunctionSchema],
         custom_tools: Optional[Dict[AdapterType, List[Dict[str, Any]]]] = None,
     ) -> None:
-        """
+        """Initialize the tools schema.
-        A schema for tools that includes both standardized function schemas
-        and custom tools that do not follow the FunctionSchema format.
 
-        :param standard_tools: List of tools following FunctionSchema.
+        Args:
-        :param custom_tools: List of tools in a custom format (e.g., search_tool).
+            standard_tools: List of tools following the standardized FunctionSchema format.
+            custom_tools: Dictionary mapping adapter types to their custom tool definitions.
+                These tools may not follow the FunctionSchema format (e.g., search_tool).
         """
         self._standard_tools = standard_tools
         self._custom_tools = custom_tools
 
     @property
     def standard_tools(self) -> List[FunctionSchema]:
+        """Get the list of standard function schema tools.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of tools following the FunctionSchema format.
+        """
         return self._standard_tools
 
     @property
     def custom_tools(self) -> Dict[AdapterType, List[Dict[str, Any]]]:
+        """Get the custom tools dictionary.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary mapping adapter types to their custom tool definitions.
+        """
         return self._custom_tools
 
     @custom_tools.setter
     def custom_tools(self, value: Dict[AdapterType, List[Dict[str, Any]]]) -> None:
+        """Set the custom tools dictionary.
+
+        Args:
+            value: Dictionary mapping adapter types to their custom tool definitions.
+        """
         self._custom_tools = value

src/pipecat/adapters/services/anthropic_adapter.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Anthropic LLM adapter for Pipecat."""
+
 from typing import Any, Dict, List
 
 from pipecat.adapters.base_llm_adapter import BaseLLMAdapter
@@ -12,8 +14,22 @@ from pipecat.adapters.schemas.tools_schema import ToolsSchema
 
 
 class AnthropicLLMAdapter(BaseLLMAdapter):
+    """Adapter for converting tool schemas to Anthropic's function-calling format.
+
+    This adapter handles the conversion of Pipecat's standard function schemas
+    to the specific format required by Anthropic's Claude models for function calling.
+    """
+
     @staticmethod
     def _to_anthropic_function_format(function: FunctionSchema) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Convert a single function schema to Anthropic's format.
+
+        Args:
+            function: The function schema to convert.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary containing the function definition in Anthropic's format.
+        """
         return {
             "name": function.name,
             "description": function.description,
@@ -25,10 +41,13 @@ class AnthropicLLMAdapter(BaseLLMAdapter):
         }
 
     def to_provider_tools_format(self, tools_schema: ToolsSchema) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
-        """Converts function schemas to Anthropic's function-calling format.
+        """Convert function schemas to Anthropic's function-calling format.
 
-        :return: Anthropic formatted function call definition.
+        Args:
+            tools_schema: The tools schema containing functions to convert.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of function definitions formatted for Anthropic's API.
         """
-
         functions_schema = tools_schema.standard_tools
         return [self._to_anthropic_function_format(func) for func in functions_schema]

src/pipecat/adapters/services/aws_nova_sonic_adapter.py

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
+
+"""AWS Nova Sonic LLM adapter for Pipecat."""
+
 import json
 from typing import Any, Dict, List
 
@@ -12,8 +15,22 @@ from pipecat.adapters.schemas.tools_schema import ToolsSchema
 
 
 class AWSNovaSonicLLMAdapter(BaseLLMAdapter):
+    """Adapter for AWS Nova Sonic language models.
+
+    Converts Pipecat's standard function schemas into AWS Nova Sonic's
+    specific function-calling format, enabling tool use with Nova Sonic models.
+    """
+
     @staticmethod
     def _to_aws_nova_sonic_function_format(function: FunctionSchema) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Convert a function schema to AWS Nova Sonic format.
+
+        Args:
+            function: The function schema to convert.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary in AWS Nova Sonic function format with toolSpec structure.
+        """
         return {
             "toolSpec": {
                 "name": function.name,
@@ -31,10 +48,13 @@ class AWSNovaSonicLLMAdapter(BaseLLMAdapter):
         }
 
     def to_provider_tools_format(self, tools_schema: ToolsSchema) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
-        """Converts function schemas to AWS Nova Sonic function-calling format.
+        """Convert tools schema to AWS Nova Sonic function-calling format.
 
-        :return: AWS Nova Sonic formatted function call definition.
+        Args:
+            tools_schema: The tools schema containing function definitions to convert.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of dictionaries in AWS Nova Sonic function format.
         """
-
         functions_schema = tools_schema.standard_tools
         return [self._to_aws_nova_sonic_function_format(func) for func in functions_schema]

src/pipecat/adapters/services/bedrock_adapter.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""AWS Bedrock LLM adapter for Pipecat."""
+
 from typing import Any, Dict, List
 
 from pipecat.adapters.base_llm_adapter import BaseLLMAdapter
@@ -12,8 +14,22 @@ from pipecat.adapters.schemas.tools_schema import ToolsSchema
 
 
 class AWSBedrockLLMAdapter(BaseLLMAdapter):
+    """Adapter for AWS Bedrock LLM integration with Pipecat.
+
+    Provides conversion utilities for transforming Pipecat function schemas
+    into AWS Bedrock's expected tool format for function calling capabilities.
+    """
+
     @staticmethod
     def _to_bedrock_function_format(function: FunctionSchema) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Convert a function schema to Bedrock's tool format.
+
+        Args:
+            function: The function schema to convert.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary formatted for Bedrock's tool specification.
+        """
         return {
             "toolSpec": {
                 "name": function.name,
@@ -29,10 +45,13 @@ class AWSBedrockLLMAdapter(BaseLLMAdapter):
         }
 
     def to_provider_tools_format(self, tools_schema: ToolsSchema) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
-        """Converts function schemas to Bedrock's function-calling format.
+        """Convert function schemas to Bedrock's function-calling format.
 
-        :return: Bedrock formatted function call definition.
+        Args:
+            tools_schema: The tools schema containing functions to convert.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of Bedrock formatted function call definitions.
         """
-
         functions_schema = tools_schema.standard_tools
         return [self._to_bedrock_function_format(func) for func in functions_schema]

src/pipecat/adapters/services/gemini_adapter.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Gemini LLM adapter for Pipecat."""
+
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Union
 
 from pipecat.adapters.base_llm_adapter import BaseLLMAdapter
@@ -11,12 +13,23 @@ from pipecat.adapters.schemas.tools_schema import AdapterType, ToolsSchema
 
 
 class GeminiLLMAdapter(BaseLLMAdapter):
+    """LLM adapter for Google's Gemini service.
+
+    Provides tool schema conversion functionality to transform standard tool
+    definitions into Gemini's specific function-calling format for use with
+    Gemini LLM models.
+    """
+
     def to_provider_tools_format(self, tools_schema: ToolsSchema) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
-        """Converts function schemas to Gemini's function-calling format.
+        """Convert tool schemas to Gemini's function-calling format.
 
-        :return: Gemini formatted function call definition.
+        Args:
+            tools_schema: The tools schema containing standard and custom tool definitions.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of tool definitions formatted for Gemini's function-calling API.
+            Includes both converted standard tools and any custom Gemini-specific tools.
         """
-
         functions_schema = tools_schema.standard_tools
         formatted_standard_tools = [
             {"function_declarations": [func.to_default_dict() for func in functions_schema]}

src/pipecat/adapters/services/open_ai_adapter.py

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
+
+"""OpenAI LLM adapter for Pipecat."""
+
 from typing import List
 
 from openai.types.chat import ChatCompletionToolParam
@@ -12,10 +15,22 @@ from pipecat.adapters.schemas.tools_schema import ToolsSchema
 
 
 class OpenAILLMAdapter(BaseLLMAdapter):
-    def to_provider_tools_format(self, tools_schema: ToolsSchema) -> List[ChatCompletionToolParam]:
+    """Adapter for converting tool schemas to OpenAI's format.
-        """Converts function schemas to OpenAI's function-calling format.
 
-        :return: OpenAI formatted function call definition.
+    Provides conversion utilities for transforming Pipecat's standard tool
+    schemas into the format expected by OpenAI's ChatCompletion API for
+    function calling capabilities.
+    """
+
+    def to_provider_tools_format(self, tools_schema: ToolsSchema) -> List[ChatCompletionToolParam]:
+        """Convert function schemas to OpenAI's function-calling format.
+
+        Args:
+            tools_schema: The Pipecat tools schema to convert.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of OpenAI formatted function call definitions ready for use
+            with ChatCompletion API.
         """
         functions_schema = tools_schema.standard_tools
         return [

src/pipecat/adapters/services/open_ai_realtime_adapter.py

@@ -3,6 +3,9 @@
 #
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
+
+"""OpenAI Realtime LLM adapter for Pipecat."""
+
 from typing import Any, Dict, List, Union
 
 from pipecat.adapters.base_llm_adapter import BaseLLMAdapter
@@ -11,8 +14,22 @@ from pipecat.adapters.schemas.tools_schema import ToolsSchema
 
 
 class OpenAIRealtimeLLMAdapter(BaseLLMAdapter):
+    """LLM adapter for OpenAI Realtime API function calling.
+
+    Converts Pipecat's tool schemas into the specific format required by
+    OpenAI's Realtime API for function calling capabilities.
+    """
+
     @staticmethod
     def _to_openai_realtime_function_format(function: FunctionSchema) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Convert a function schema to OpenAI Realtime format.
+
+        Args:
+            function: The function schema to convert.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary in OpenAI Realtime function format.
+        """
         return {
             "type": "function",
             "name": function.name,
@@ -25,10 +42,13 @@ class OpenAIRealtimeLLMAdapter(BaseLLMAdapter):
         }
 
     def to_provider_tools_format(self, tools_schema: ToolsSchema) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
-        """Converts function schemas to Openai Realtime function-calling format.
+        """Convert tool schemas to OpenAI Realtime function-calling format.
 
-        :return: Openai Realtime formatted function call definition.
+        Args:
+            tools_schema: The tools schema containing functions to convert.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of function definitions in OpenAI Realtime format.
         """
-
         functions_schema = tools_schema.standard_tools
         return [self._to_openai_realtime_function_format(func) for func in functions_schema]

src/pipecat/audio/filters/base_audio_filter.py

@@ -4,44 +4,68 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Base audio filter interface for input transport audio processing.
+
+This module provides the abstract base class for implementing audio filters
+that process audio data before VAD and downstream processing in input transports.
+"""
+
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 
 from pipecat.frames.frames import FilterControlFrame
 
 
 class BaseAudioFilter(ABC):
-    """This is a base class for input transport audio filters. If an audio
+    """Base class for input transport audio filters.
+
+    This is a base class for input transport audio filters. If an audio
     filter is provided to the input transport it will be used to process audio
     before VAD and before pushing it downstream. There are control frames to
     update filter settings or to enable or disable the filter at runtime.
-
     """
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def start(self, sample_rate: int):
-        """This will be called from the input transport when the transport is
+        """Initialize the filter when the input transport starts.
+
+        This will be called from the input transport when the transport is
         started. It can be used to initialize the filter. The input transport
         sample rate is provided so the filter can adjust to that sample rate.
 
+        Args:
+            sample_rate: The sample rate of the input transport in Hz.
         """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def stop(self):
-        """This will be called from the input transport when the transport is
+        """Clean up the filter when the input transport stops.
-        stopping.
 
+        This will be called from the input transport when the transport is
+        stopping.
         """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def process_frame(self, frame: FilterControlFrame):
-        """This will be called when the input transport receives a
+        """Process control frames for runtime filter configuration.
+
+        This will be called when the input transport receives a
         FilterControlFrame.
 
+        Args:
+            frame: The control frame containing filter commands or settings.
         """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def filter(self, audio: bytes) -> bytes:
+        """Apply the audio filter to the provided audio data.
+
+        Args:
+            audio: Raw audio data as bytes to be filtered.
+
+        Returns:
+            Filtered audio data as bytes.
+        """
         pass

src/pipecat/audio/filters/koala_filter.py

@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Koala noise suppression audio filter for Pipecat.
+
+This module provides an audio filter implementation using PicoVoice's Koala
+Noise Suppression engine to reduce background noise in audio streams.
+"""
+
 from typing import Sequence
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -21,12 +27,19 @@ except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
 
 
 class KoalaFilter(BaseAudioFilter):
-    """This is an audio filter that uses Koala Noise Suppression (from
+    """Audio filter using Koala Noise Suppression from PicoVoice.
-    PicoVoice).
 
+    Provides real-time noise suppression for audio streams using PicoVoice's
+    Koala engine. The filter buffers audio data to match Koala's required
+    frame length and processes it in chunks.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, *, access_key: str) -> None:
+        """Initialize the Koala noise suppression filter.
+
+        Args:
+            access_key: PicoVoice access key for Koala engine authentication.
+        """
         self._access_key = access_key
 
         self._filtering = True
@@ -36,6 +49,11 @@ class KoalaFilter(BaseAudioFilter):
         self._audio_buffer = bytearray()
 
     async def start(self, sample_rate: int):
+        """Initialize the filter with the transport's sample rate.
+
+        Args:
+            sample_rate: The sample rate of the input transport in Hz.
+        """
         self._sample_rate = sample_rate
         if self._sample_rate != self._koala.sample_rate:
             logger.warning(
@@ -44,13 +62,30 @@ class KoalaFilter(BaseAudioFilter):
             self._koala_ready = False
 
     async def stop(self):
+        """Clean up the Koala engine when stopping."""
         self._koala.reset()
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: FilterControlFrame):
+        """Process control frames to enable/disable filtering.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The control frame containing filter commands.
+        """
         if isinstance(frame, FilterEnableFrame):
             self._filtering = frame.enable
 
     async def filter(self, audio: bytes) -> bytes:
+        """Apply Koala noise suppression to audio data.
+
+        Buffers incoming audio and processes it in chunks that match Koala's
+        required frame length. Returns filtered audio data.
+
+        Args:
+            audio: Raw audio data as bytes to be filtered.
+
+        Returns:
+            Noise-suppressed audio data as bytes.
+        """
         if not self._koala_ready or not self._filtering:
             return audio
 

src/pipecat/audio/filters/krisp_filter.py

@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Krisp noise reduction audio filter for Pipecat.
+
+This module provides an audio filter implementation using Krisp's noise
+reduction technology to suppress background noise in audio streams.
+"""
+
 import os
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -21,14 +27,27 @@ except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
 
 
 class KrispProcessorManager:
-    """
+    """Singleton manager for KrispAudioProcessor instances.
-    Ensures that only one KrispAudioProcessor instance exists for the entire program.
+
+    Ensures that only one KrispAudioProcessor instance exists for the entire
+    program.
     """
 
     _krisp_instance = None
 
     @classmethod
     def get_processor(cls, sample_rate: int, sample_type: str, channels: int, model_path: str):
+        """Get or create a KrispAudioProcessor instance.
+
+        Args:
+            sample_rate: Audio sample rate in Hz.
+            sample_type: Audio sample type (e.g., "PCM_16").
+            channels: Number of audio channels.
+            model_path: Path to the Krisp model file.
+
+        Returns:
+            Shared KrispAudioProcessor instance.
+        """
         if cls._krisp_instance is None:
             cls._krisp_instance = KrispAudioProcessor(
                 sample_rate, sample_type, channels, model_path
@@ -37,14 +56,26 @@ class KrispProcessorManager:
 
 
 class KrispFilter(BaseAudioFilter):
+    """Audio filter using Krisp noise reduction technology.
+
+    Provides real-time noise reduction for audio streams using Krisp's
+    proprietary noise suppression algorithms. Requires a Krisp model file
+    for operation.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self, sample_type: str = "PCM_16", channels: int = 1, model_path: str = None
     ) -> None:
-        """Initializes the KrispAudioProcessor with customizable audio processing settings.
+        """Initialize the Krisp noise reduction filter.
 
-        :param sample_type: The type of audio sample, default is 'PCM_16'.
+        Args:
-        :param channels: Number of audio channels, default is 1.
+            sample_type: The audio sample format. Defaults to "PCM_16".
-        :param model_path: Path to the Krisp model; defaults to environment variable KRISP_MODEL_PATH if not provided.
+            channels: Number of audio channels. Defaults to 1.
+            model_path: Path to the Krisp model file. If None, uses KRISP_MODEL_PATH
+                environment variable.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If model_path is not provided and KRISP_MODEL_PATH is not set.
         """
         super().__init__()
 
@@ -63,19 +94,41 @@ class KrispFilter(BaseAudioFilter):
         self._krisp_processor = None
 
     async def start(self, sample_rate: int):
+        """Initialize the Krisp processor with the transport's sample rate.
+
+        Args:
+            sample_rate: The sample rate of the input transport in Hz.
+        """
         self._sample_rate = sample_rate
         self._krisp_processor = KrispProcessorManager.get_processor(
             self._sample_rate, self._sample_type, self._channels, self._model_path
         )
 
     async def stop(self):
+        """Clean up the Krisp processor when stopping."""
         self._krisp_processor = None
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: FilterControlFrame):
+        """Process control frames to enable/disable filtering.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The control frame containing filter commands.
+        """
         if isinstance(frame, FilterEnableFrame):
             self._filtering = frame.enable
 
     async def filter(self, audio: bytes) -> bytes:
+        """Apply Krisp noise reduction to audio data.
+
+        Converts audio to float32, applies Krisp noise reduction processing,
+        and returns the filtered audio clipped to int16 range.
+
+        Args:
+            audio: Raw audio data as bytes to be filtered.
+
+        Returns:
+            Noise-reduced audio data as bytes.
+        """
         if not self._filtering:
             return audio
 

src/pipecat/audio/filters/noisereduce_filter.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Noisereduce audio filter for Pipecat.
+
+This module provides an audio filter implementation using the noisereduce
+library to reduce background noise in audio streams through spectral
+gating algorithms.
+"""
+
 import numpy as np
 from loguru import logger
 
@@ -21,21 +28,51 @@ except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
 
 
 class NoisereduceFilter(BaseAudioFilter):
+    """Audio filter using the noisereduce library for noise suppression.
+
+    Applies spectral gating noise reduction algorithms to suppress background
+    noise in audio streams. Uses the noisereduce library's default noise
+    reduction parameters.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self) -> None:
+        """Initialize the noisereduce filter."""
         self._filtering = True
         self._sample_rate = 0
 
     async def start(self, sample_rate: int):
+        """Initialize the filter with the transport's sample rate.
+
+        Args:
+            sample_rate: The sample rate of the input transport in Hz.
+        """
         self._sample_rate = sample_rate
 
     async def stop(self):
+        """Clean up the filter when stopping."""
         pass
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: FilterControlFrame):
+        """Process control frames to enable/disable filtering.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The control frame containing filter commands.
+        """
         if isinstance(frame, FilterEnableFrame):
             self._filtering = frame.enable
 
     async def filter(self, audio: bytes) -> bytes:
+        """Apply noise reduction to audio data using spectral gating.
+
+        Converts audio to float32, applies noisereduce processing, and returns
+        the filtered audio clipped to int16 range.
+
+        Args:
+            audio: Raw audio data as bytes to be filtered.
+
+        Returns:
+            Noise-reduced audio data as bytes.
+        """
         if not self._filtering:
             return audio
 

src/pipecat/audio/interruptions/base_interruption_strategy.py

@@ -4,31 +4,51 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Base interruption strategy for determining when users can interrupt bot speech."""
+
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 
 
 class BaseInterruptionStrategy(ABC):
-    """This is a base class for interruption strategies. Interruption strategies
+    """Base class for interruption strategies.
+
+    This is a base class for interruption strategies. Interruption strategies
     decide when the user can interrupt the bot while the bot is speaking. For
     example, there could be strategies based on audio volume or strategies based
     on the number of words the user spoke.
-
     """
 
     async def append_audio(self, audio: bytes, sample_rate: int):
-        """Appends audio to the strategy. Not all strategies handle audio."""
+        """Append audio data to the strategy for analysis.
+
+        Not all strategies handle audio. Default implementation does nothing.
+
+        Args:
+            audio: Raw audio bytes to append.
+            sample_rate: Sample rate of the audio data in Hz.
+        """
         pass
 
     async def append_text(self, text: str):
-        """Appends text to the strategy. Not all strategies handle text."""
+        """Append text data to the strategy for analysis.
+
+        Not all strategies handle text. Default implementation does nothing.
+
+        Args:
+            text: Text string to append for analysis.
+        """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def should_interrupt(self) -> bool:
-        """This is called when the user stops speaking and it's time to decide
+        """Determine if the user should interrupt the bot.
+
+        This is called when the user stops speaking and it's time to decide
         whether the user should interrupt the bot. The decision will be based on
         the aggregated audio and/or text.
 
+        Returns:
+            True if the user should interrupt the bot, False otherwise.
         """
         pass
 

src/pipecat/audio/interruptions/min_words_interruption_strategy.py

@@ -4,31 +4,47 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Minimum words interruption strategy for word count-based interruptions."""
+
 from loguru import logger
 
 from pipecat.audio.interruptions.base_interruption_strategy import BaseInterruptionStrategy
 
 
 class MinWordsInterruptionStrategy(BaseInterruptionStrategy):
-    """This is an interruption strategy based on a minimum number of words said
+    """Interruption strategy based on minimum number of words spoken.
+
+    This is an interruption strategy based on a minimum number of words said
     by the user. That is, the strategy will be true if the user has said at
     least that amount of words.
-
     """
 
     def __init__(self, *, min_words: int):
+        """Initialize the minimum words interruption strategy.
+
+        Args:
+            min_words: Minimum number of words required to trigger an interruption.
+        """
         super().__init__()
         self._min_words = min_words
         self._text = ""
 
     async def append_text(self, text: str):
-        """Appends text for later analysis. Not all strategies need to handle
+        """Append text for word count analysis.
-        text.
 
+        Args:
+            text: Text string to append to the accumulated text.
+
+        Note: Not all strategies need to handle text.
         """
         self._text += text
 
     async def should_interrupt(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the minimum word count has been reached.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if the user has spoken at least the minimum number of words.
+        """
         word_count = len(self._text.split())
         interrupt = word_count >= self._min_words
         logger.debug(
@@ -37,4 +53,5 @@ class MinWordsInterruptionStrategy(BaseInterruptionStrategy):
         return interrupt
 
     async def reset(self):
+        """Reset the accumulated text for the next analysis cycle."""
         self._text = ""

src/pipecat/audio/mixers/base_audio_mixer.py

@@ -4,50 +4,73 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Base audio mixer for output transport integration.
+
+Provides the abstract base class for audio mixers that can be integrated with
+output transports to mix incoming audio with generated audio from the mixer.
+"""
+
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 
 from pipecat.frames.frames import MixerControlFrame
 
 
 class BaseAudioMixer(ABC):
-    """This is a base class for output transport audio mixers. If an audio mixer
+    """Base class for output transport audio mixers.
+
+    This is a base class for output transport audio mixers. If an audio mixer
     is provided to the output transport it will be used to mix the audio frames
     coming into to the transport with the audio generated from the mixer. There
     are control frames to update mixer settings or to enable or disable the
     mixer at runtime.
-
     """
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def start(self, sample_rate: int):
-        """This will be called from the output transport when the transport is
+        """Initialize the mixer when the output transport starts.
+
+        This will be called from the output transport when the transport is
         started. It can be used to initialize the mixer. The output transport
         sample rate is provided so the mixer can adjust to that sample rate.
 
+        Args:
+            sample_rate: The sample rate of the output transport in Hz.
         """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def stop(self):
-        """This will be called from the output transport when the transport is
+        """Clean up the mixer when the output transport stops.
-        stopping.
 
+        This will be called from the output transport when the transport is
+        stopping.
         """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def process_frame(self, frame: MixerControlFrame):
-        """This will be called when the output transport receives a
+        """Process mixer control frames from the transport.
+
+        This will be called when the output transport receives a
         MixerControlFrame.
 
+        Args:
+            frame: The mixer control frame to process.
         """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def mix(self, audio: bytes) -> bytes:
-        """This is called with the audio that is about to be sent from the
+        """Mix transport audio with mixer-generated audio.
+
+        This is called with the audio that is about to be sent from the
         output transport and that should be mixed with the mixer audio if the
         mixer is enabled.
 
+        Args:
+            audio: Raw audio bytes from the transport to mix.
+
+        Returns:
+            Mixed audio bytes combining transport and mixer audio.
         """
         pass

src/pipecat/audio/mixers/soundfile_mixer.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Soundfile-based audio mixer for file playback integration.
+
+Provides an audio mixer that combines incoming audio with audio loaded from
+files using the soundfile library. Supports multiple audio formats and
+runtime configuration changes.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 from typing import Any, Dict, Mapping
 
@@ -24,7 +31,9 @@ except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
 
 
 class SoundfileMixer(BaseAudioMixer):
-    """This is an audio mixer that mixes incoming audio with audio from a
+    """Audio mixer that combines incoming audio with file-based audio.
+
+    This is an audio mixer that mixes incoming audio with audio from a
     file. It uses the soundfile library to load files so it supports multiple
     formats. The audio files need to only have one channel (mono) and it needs
     to match the sample rate of the output transport.
@@ -33,7 +42,6 @@ class SoundfileMixer(BaseAudioMixer):
     `MixerUpdateSettingsFrame` has the following settings available: `sound`
     (str) and `volume` (float) to be able to update to a different sound file or
     to change the volume at runtime.
-
     """
 
     def __init__(
@@ -46,6 +54,16 @@ class SoundfileMixer(BaseAudioMixer):
         loop: bool = True,
         **kwargs,
     ):
+        """Initialize the soundfile mixer.
+
+        Args:
+            sound_files: Mapping of sound names to file paths for loading.
+            default_sound: Name of the default sound to play initially.
+            volume: Mixing volume level (0.0 to 1.0). Defaults to 0.4.
+            mixing: Whether mixing is initially enabled. Defaults to True.
+            loop: Whether to loop audio files when they end. Defaults to True.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to parent class.
+        """
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
         self._sound_files = sound_files
         self._volume = volume
@@ -58,14 +76,28 @@ class SoundfileMixer(BaseAudioMixer):
         self._loop = loop
 
     async def start(self, sample_rate: int):
+        """Initialize the mixer and load all sound files.
+
+        Args:
+            sample_rate: The sample rate of the output transport in Hz.
+        """
         self._sample_rate = sample_rate
         for sound_name, file_name in self._sound_files.items():
             await asyncio.to_thread(self._load_sound_file, sound_name, file_name)
 
     async def stop(self):
+        """Clean up mixer resources.
+
+        Currently performs no cleanup as sound data is managed by garbage collection.
+        """
         pass
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: MixerControlFrame):
+        """Process mixer control frames to update settings or enable/disable mixing.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The mixer control frame to process.
+        """
         if isinstance(frame, MixerUpdateSettingsFrame):
             await self._update_settings(frame)
         elif isinstance(frame, MixerEnableFrame):
@@ -73,12 +105,22 @@ class SoundfileMixer(BaseAudioMixer):
         pass
 
     async def mix(self, audio: bytes) -> bytes:
+        """Mix transport audio with the current sound file.
+
+        Args:
+            audio: Raw audio bytes from the transport to mix.
+
+        Returns:
+            Mixed audio bytes combining transport and file audio.
+        """
         return self._mix_with_sound(audio)
 
     async def _enable_mixing(self, enable: bool):
+        """Enable or disable audio mixing."""
         self._mixing = enable
 
     async def _update_settings(self, frame: MixerUpdateSettingsFrame):
+        """Update mixer settings from a control frame."""
         for setting, value in frame.settings.items():
             match setting:
                 case "sound":
@@ -89,6 +131,11 @@ class SoundfileMixer(BaseAudioMixer):
                     await self._update_loop(value)
 
     async def _change_sound(self, sound: str):
+        """Change the currently playing sound file.
+
+        Args:
+            sound: Name of the sound file to switch to.
+        """
         if sound in self._sound_files:
             self._current_sound = sound
             self._sound_pos = 0
@@ -96,12 +143,15 @@ class SoundfileMixer(BaseAudioMixer):
             logger.error(f"Sound {sound} is not available")
 
     async def _update_volume(self, volume: float):
+        """Update the mixing volume level."""
         self._volume = volume
 
     async def _update_loop(self, loop: bool):
+        """Update the looping behavior."""
         self._loop = loop
 
     def _load_sound_file(self, sound_name: str, file_name: str):
+        """Load an audio file into memory for mixing."""
         try:
             logger.debug(f"Loading mixer sound from {file_name}")
             sound, sample_rate = sf.read(file_name, dtype="int16")
@@ -118,10 +168,7 @@ class SoundfileMixer(BaseAudioMixer):
             logger.error(f"Unable to open file {file_name}: {e}")
 
     def _mix_with_sound(self, audio: bytes):
-        """Mixes raw audio frames with chunks of the same length from the sound
+        """Mix raw audio frames with chunks of the same length from the sound file."""
-        file.
-
-        """
         if not self._mixing or not self._current_sound in self._sounds:
             return audio
 

src/pipecat/audio/resamplers/base_audio_resampler.py

@@ -4,27 +4,35 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Base audio resampler interface for Pipecat.
+
+This module defines the abstract base class for audio resampling implementations,
+providing a common interface for converting audio between different sample rates.
+"""
+
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 
 
 class BaseAudioResampler(ABC):
-    """Abstract base class for audio resampling. This class defines an
+    """Abstract base class for audio resampling implementations.
-    interface for audio resampling implementations.
+
+    This class defines the interface that all audio resampling implementations
+    must follow, providing a standardized way to convert audio data between
+    different sample rates.
     """
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def resample(self, audio: bytes, in_rate: int, out_rate: int) -> bytes:
-        """
+        """Resamples the given audio data to a different sample rate.
-        Resamples the given audio data to a different sample rate.
 
         This is an abstract method that must be implemented in subclasses.
 
-        Parameters:
+        Args:
-            audio (bytes): The audio data to be resampled, represented as a byte string.
+            audio: The audio data to be resampled, as raw bytes.
-            in_rate (int): The original sample rate of the audio data (in Hz).
+            in_rate: The original sample rate of the audio data in Hz.
-            out_rate (int): The desired sample rate for the resampled audio data (in Hz).
+            out_rate: The desired sample rate for the output audio in Hz.
 
         Returns:
-            bytes: The resampled audio data as a byte string.
+            The resampled audio data as raw bytes.
         """
         pass

src/pipecat/audio/resamplers/resampy_resampler.py

@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Resampy-based audio resampler implementation.
+
+This module provides an audio resampler that uses the resampy library
+for high-quality audio sample rate conversion.
+"""
+
 import numpy as np
 import resampy
 
@@ -11,12 +17,31 @@ from pipecat.audio.resamplers.base_audio_resampler import BaseAudioResampler
 
 
 class ResampyResampler(BaseAudioResampler):
-    """Audio resampler implementation using the resampy library."""
+    """Audio resampler implementation using the resampy library.
+
+    This resampler uses the resampy library's Kaiser windowing filter
+    for high-quality audio resampling with good performance characteristics.
+    """
 
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """Initialize the resampy resampler.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments (currently unused).
+        """
         pass
 
     async def resample(self, audio: bytes, in_rate: int, out_rate: int) -> bytes:
+        """Resample audio data using resampy library.
+
+        Args:
+            audio: Input audio data as raw bytes (16-bit signed integers).
+            in_rate: Original sample rate in Hz.
+            out_rate: Target sample rate in Hz.
+
+        Returns:
+            Resampled audio data as raw bytes (16-bit signed integers).
+        """
         if in_rate == out_rate:
             return audio
         audio_data = np.frombuffer(audio, dtype=np.int16)

src/pipecat/audio/resamplers/soxr_resampler.py

@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""SoX-based audio resampler implementation.
+
+This module provides an audio resampler that uses the SoX resampler library
+for very high quality audio sample rate conversion.
+"""
+
 import numpy as np
 import soxr
 
@@ -11,12 +17,32 @@ from pipecat.audio.resamplers.base_audio_resampler import BaseAudioResampler
 
 
 class SOXRAudioResampler(BaseAudioResampler):
-    """Audio resampler implementation using the SoX resampler library."""
+    """Audio resampler implementation using the SoX resampler library.
+
+    This resampler uses the SoX resampler library configured for very high
+    quality (VHQ) resampling, providing excellent audio quality at the cost
+    of additional computational overhead.
+    """
 
     def __init__(self, **kwargs):
+        """Initialize the SoX audio resampler.
+
+        Args:
+            **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments (currently unused).
+        """
         pass
 
     async def resample(self, audio: bytes, in_rate: int, out_rate: int) -> bytes:
+        """Resample audio data using SoX resampler library.
+
+        Args:
+            audio: Input audio data as raw bytes (16-bit signed integers).
+            in_rate: Original sample rate in Hz.
+            out_rate: Target sample rate in Hz.
+
+        Returns:
+            Resampled audio data as raw bytes (16-bit signed integers).
+        """
         if in_rate == out_rate:
             return audio
         audio_data = np.frombuffer(audio, dtype=np.int16)

src/pipecat/audio/turn/base_turn_analyzer.py

@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Base turn analyzer for determining end-of-turn in audio conversations.
+
+This module provides the abstract base class and enumeration for analyzing
+when a user has finished speaking in a conversation.
+"""
+
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from enum import Enum
 from typing import Optional, Tuple
@@ -12,6 +18,13 @@ from pipecat.metrics.metrics import MetricsData
 
 
 class EndOfTurnState(Enum):
+    """State enumeration for end-of-turn analysis results.
+
+    Parameters:
+        COMPLETE: The user has finished their turn and stopped speaking.
+        INCOMPLETE: The user is still speaking or may continue speaking.
+    """
+
     COMPLETE = 1
     INCOMPLETE = 2
 
@@ -24,6 +37,12 @@ class BaseTurnAnalyzer(ABC):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, *, sample_rate: Optional[int] = None):
+        """Initialize the turn analyzer.
+
+        Args:
+            sample_rate: Optional initial sample rate for audio processing.
+                If provided, this will be used as the fixed sample rate.
+        """
         self._init_sample_rate = sample_rate
         self._sample_rate = 0
 

src/pipecat/audio/turn/smart_turn/base_smart_turn.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Smart turn analyzer base class using ML models for end-of-turn detection.
+
+This module provides the base implementation for smart turn analyzers that use
+machine learning models to determine when a user has finished speaking, going
+beyond simple silence-based detection.
+"""
+
 import time
 from abc import abstractmethod
 from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Tuple
@@ -23,6 +30,14 @@ USE_ONLY_LAST_VAD_SEGMENT = True
 
 
 class SmartTurnParams(BaseModel):
+    """Configuration parameters for smart turn analysis.
+
+    Parameters:
+        stop_secs: Maximum silence duration in seconds before ending turn.
+        pre_speech_ms: Milliseconds of audio to include before speech starts.
+        max_duration_secs: Maximum duration in seconds for audio segments.
+    """
+
     stop_secs: float = STOP_SECS
     pre_speech_ms: float = PRE_SPEECH_MS
     max_duration_secs: float = MAX_DURATION_SECONDS
@@ -31,13 +46,28 @@ class SmartTurnParams(BaseModel):
 
 
 class SmartTurnTimeoutException(Exception):
+    """Exception raised when smart turn analysis times out."""
+
     pass
 
 
 class BaseSmartTurn(BaseTurnAnalyzer):
+    """Base class for smart turn analyzers using ML models.
+
+    Provides common functionality for smart turn detection including audio
+    buffering, speech tracking, and ML model integration. Subclasses must
+    implement the specific model prediction logic.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self, *, sample_rate: Optional[int] = None, params: Optional[SmartTurnParams] = None
     ):
+        """Initialize the smart turn analyzer.
+
+        Args:
+            sample_rate: Optional sample rate for audio processing.
+            params: Configuration parameters for turn analysis behavior.
+        """
         super().__init__(sample_rate=sample_rate)
         self._params = params or SmartTurnParams()
         # Configuration
@@ -50,9 +80,23 @@ class BaseSmartTurn(BaseTurnAnalyzer):
 
     @property
     def speech_triggered(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if speech has been detected and triggered analysis.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if speech has been detected and turn analysis is active.
+        """
         return self._speech_triggered
 
     def append_audio(self, buffer: bytes, is_speech: bool) -> EndOfTurnState:
+        """Append audio data for turn analysis.
+
+        Args:
+            buffer: Raw audio data bytes to append for analysis.
+            is_speech: Whether the audio buffer contains detected speech.
+
+        Returns:
+            Current end-of-turn state after processing the audio.
+        """
         # Convert raw audio to float32 format and append to the buffer
         audio_int16 = np.frombuffer(buffer, dtype=np.int16)
         audio_float32 = np.frombuffer(audio_int16, dtype=np.int16).astype(np.float32) / 32768.0
@@ -92,6 +136,12 @@ class BaseSmartTurn(BaseTurnAnalyzer):
         return state
 
     async def analyze_end_of_turn(self) -> Tuple[EndOfTurnState, Optional[MetricsData]]:
+        """Analyze the current audio state to determine if turn has ended.
+
+        Returns:
+            Tuple containing the end-of-turn state and optional metrics data
+            from the ML model analysis.
+        """
         state, result = await self._process_speech_segment(self._audio_buffer)
         if state == EndOfTurnState.COMPLETE or USE_ONLY_LAST_VAD_SEGMENT:
             self._clear(state)
@@ -99,9 +149,11 @@ class BaseSmartTurn(BaseTurnAnalyzer):
         return state, result
 
     def clear(self):
+        """Reset the turn analyzer to its initial state."""
         self._clear(EndOfTurnState.COMPLETE)
 
     def _clear(self, turn_state: EndOfTurnState):
+        """Clear internal state based on turn completion status."""
         # If the state is still incomplete, keep the _speech_triggered as True
         self._speech_triggered = turn_state == EndOfTurnState.INCOMPLETE
         self._audio_buffer = []
@@ -111,6 +163,7 @@ class BaseSmartTurn(BaseTurnAnalyzer):
     async def _process_speech_segment(
         self, audio_buffer
     ) -> Tuple[EndOfTurnState, Optional[MetricsData]]:
+        """Process accumulated audio segment using ML model."""
         state = EndOfTurnState.INCOMPLETE
 
         if not audio_buffer:
@@ -188,14 +241,5 @@ class BaseSmartTurn(BaseTurnAnalyzer):
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def _predict_endpoint(self, audio_array: np.ndarray) -> Dict[str, Any]:
-        """Abstract method to predict if a turn has ended based on audio.
+        """Predict end-of-turn using ML model from audio data."""
-
-        Args:
-            audio_array: Float32 numpy array of audio samples at 16kHz.
-
-        Returns:
-            Dictionary with:
-              - prediction: 1 if turn is complete, else 0
-              - probability: Confidence of the prediction
-        """
         pass

src/pipecat/audio/turn/smart_turn/fal_smart_turn.py

@@ -4,6 +4,16 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Fal.ai smart turn analyzer implementation.
+
+This module provides a smart turn analyzer that uses Fal.ai's hosted smart-turn model
+for end-of-turn detection in conversations.
+
+Note: To learn more about the smart-turn model, visit:
+    - https://fal.ai/models/fal-ai/smart-turn/playground
+    - https://github.com/pipecat-ai/smart-turn
+"""
+
 from typing import Optional
 
 import aiohttp
@@ -12,6 +22,12 @@ from pipecat.audio.turn.smart_turn.http_smart_turn import HttpSmartTurnAnalyzer
 
 
 class FalSmartTurnAnalyzer(HttpSmartTurnAnalyzer):
+    """Smart turn analyzer using Fal.ai's hosted smart-turn model.
+
+    Extends HttpSmartTurnAnalyzer to provide integration with Fal.ai's
+    smart turn detection API endpoint with proper authentication.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         *,
@@ -20,6 +36,14 @@ class FalSmartTurnAnalyzer(HttpSmartTurnAnalyzer):
         api_key: Optional[str] = None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
+        """Initialize the Fal.ai smart turn analyzer.
+
+        Args:
+            aiohttp_session: HTTP client session for making API requests.
+            url: Fal.ai API endpoint URL for smart turn detection.
+            api_key: API key for authenticating with Fal.ai service.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to parent HttpSmartTurnAnalyzer.
+        """
         headers = {}
         if api_key:
             headers = {"Authorization": f"Key {api_key}"}

src/pipecat/audio/turn/smart_turn/http_smart_turn.py

@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""HTTP-based smart turn analyzer for remote ML inference.
+
+This module provides a smart turn analyzer that sends audio data to remote
+HTTP endpoints for ML-based end-of-turn detection.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 import io
 from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
@@ -16,6 +22,12 @@ from pipecat.audio.turn.smart_turn.base_smart_turn import BaseSmartTurn, SmartTu
 
 
 class HttpSmartTurnAnalyzer(BaseSmartTurn):
+    """Smart turn analyzer using HTTP-based ML inference.
+
+    Sends audio data to remote HTTP endpoints for ML-based end-of-turn
+    prediction. Handles serialization, HTTP communication, and error recovery.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         *,
@@ -24,12 +36,21 @@ class HttpSmartTurnAnalyzer(BaseSmartTurn):
         headers: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
+        """Initialize the HTTP smart turn analyzer.
+
+        Args:
+            url: HTTP endpoint URL for the smart turn ML service.
+            aiohttp_session: HTTP client session for making requests.
+            headers: Optional HTTP headers to include in requests.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to BaseSmartTurn.
+        """
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
         self._url = url
         self._headers = headers or {}
         self._aiohttp_session = aiohttp_session
 
     def _serialize_array(self, audio_array: np.ndarray) -> bytes:
+        """Serialize NumPy audio array to bytes for HTTP transmission."""
         logger.trace("Serializing NumPy array to bytes...")
         buffer = io.BytesIO()
         np.save(buffer, audio_array)
@@ -38,6 +59,7 @@ class HttpSmartTurnAnalyzer(BaseSmartTurn):
         return serialized_bytes
 
     async def _send_raw_request(self, data_bytes: bytes) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Send raw audio data to the HTTP endpoint for prediction."""
         headers = {"Content-Type": "application/octet-stream"}
         headers.update(self._headers)
 
@@ -83,6 +105,7 @@ class HttpSmartTurnAnalyzer(BaseSmartTurn):
             raise Exception("Failed to send raw request to Daily Smart Turn.")
 
     async def _predict_endpoint(self, audio_array: np.ndarray) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Predict end-of-turn using remote HTTP ML service."""
         try:
             serialized_array = self._serialize_array(audio_array)
             return await self._send_raw_request(serialized_array)

src/pipecat/audio/turn/smart_turn/local_coreml_smart_turn.py

@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Local CoreML smart turn analyzer for on-device ML inference.
+
+This module provides a smart turn analyzer that uses CoreML models for
+local end-of-turn detection without requiring network connectivity.
+"""
 
 from typing import Any, Dict
 
@@ -25,7 +30,24 @@ except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
 
 
 class LocalCoreMLSmartTurnAnalyzer(BaseSmartTurn):
+    """Local smart turn analyzer using CoreML models.
+
+    Provides end-of-turn detection using locally-stored CoreML models,
+    enabling offline operation without network dependencies. Optimized
+    for Apple Silicon and other CoreML-compatible hardware.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, *, smart_turn_model_path: str, **kwargs):
+        """Initialize the local CoreML smart turn analyzer.
+
+        Args:
+            smart_turn_model_path: Path to directory containing the CoreML model
+                and feature extractor files.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to BaseSmartTurn.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If smart_turn_model_path is not provided or model loading fails.
+        """
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
         if not smart_turn_model_path:
@@ -41,6 +63,7 @@ class LocalCoreMLSmartTurnAnalyzer(BaseSmartTurn):
         logger.debug("Loaded Local Smart Turn")
 
     async def _predict_endpoint(self, audio_array: np.ndarray) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Predict end-of-turn using local CoreML model."""
         inputs = self._turn_processor(
             audio_array,
             sampling_rate=16000,

src/pipecat/audio/turn/smart_turn/local_smart_turn.py

@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Local PyTorch smart turn analyzer for on-device ML inference.
+
+This module provides a smart turn analyzer that uses PyTorch models for
+local end-of-turn detection without requiring network connectivity.
+"""
 
 from typing import Any, Dict
 
@@ -24,7 +29,21 @@ except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
 
 
 class LocalSmartTurnAnalyzer(BaseSmartTurn):
+    """Local smart turn analyzer using PyTorch models.
+
+    Provides end-of-turn detection using locally-stored PyTorch models,
+    enabling offline operation without network dependencies. Uses
+    Wav2Vec2-BERT architecture for audio sequence classification.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, *, smart_turn_model_path: str, **kwargs):
+        """Initialize the local PyTorch smart turn analyzer.
+
+        Args:
+            smart_turn_model_path: Path to directory containing the PyTorch model
+                and feature extractor files. If empty, uses default HuggingFace model.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to BaseSmartTurn.
+        """
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
         if not smart_turn_model_path:
@@ -46,6 +65,7 @@ class LocalSmartTurnAnalyzer(BaseSmartTurn):
         logger.debug("Loaded Local Smart Turn")
 
     async def _predict_endpoint(self, audio_array: np.ndarray) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        """Predict end-of-turn using local PyTorch model."""
         inputs = self._turn_processor(
             audio_array,
             sampling_rate=16000,

src/pipecat/audio/utils.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Audio utility functions for Pipecat.
+
+This module provides common audio processing utilities including mixing,
+format conversion, volume calculation, and codec transformations for
+various audio formats used in Pipecat pipelines.
+"""
+
 import audioop
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -15,10 +22,31 @@ from pipecat.audio.resamplers.soxr_resampler import SOXRAudioResampler
 
 
 def create_default_resampler(**kwargs) -> BaseAudioResampler:
+    """Create a default audio resampler instance.
+
+    Args:
+        **kwargs: Additional keyword arguments passed to the resampler constructor.
+
+    Returns:
+        A configured SOXRAudioResampler instance.
+    """
     return SOXRAudioResampler(**kwargs)
 
 
 def mix_audio(audio1: bytes, audio2: bytes) -> bytes:
+    """Mix two audio streams together by adding their samples.
+
+    Both audio streams are assumed to be 16-bit signed integer PCM data.
+    If the streams have different lengths, the shorter one is zero-padded
+    to match the longer stream.
+
+    Args:
+        audio1: First audio stream as raw bytes (16-bit signed integers).
+        audio2: Second audio stream as raw bytes (16-bit signed integers).
+
+    Returns:
+        Mixed audio data as raw bytes with samples clipped to 16-bit range.
+    """
     data1 = np.frombuffer(audio1, dtype=np.int16)
     data2 = np.frombuffer(audio2, dtype=np.int16)
 
@@ -37,6 +65,19 @@ def mix_audio(audio1: bytes, audio2: bytes) -> bytes:
 
 
 def interleave_stereo_audio(left_audio: bytes, right_audio: bytes) -> bytes:
+    """Interleave left and right mono audio channels into stereo audio.
+
+    Takes two mono audio streams and combines them into a single stereo
+    stream by interleaving the samples (L, R, L, R, ...). If the channels
+    have different lengths, both are truncated to the shorter length.
+
+    Args:
+        left_audio: Left channel audio as raw bytes (16-bit signed integers).
+        right_audio: Right channel audio as raw bytes (16-bit signed integers).
+
+    Returns:
+        Interleaved stereo audio data as raw bytes.
+    """
     left = np.frombuffer(left_audio, dtype=np.int16)
     right = np.frombuffer(right_audio, dtype=np.int16)
 
@@ -50,12 +91,34 @@ def interleave_stereo_audio(left_audio: bytes, right_audio: bytes) -> bytes:
 
 
 def normalize_value(value, min_value, max_value):
+    """Normalize a value to the range [0, 1] and clamp it to bounds.
+
+    Args:
+        value: The value to normalize.
+        min_value: The minimum value of the input range.
+        max_value: The maximum value of the input range.
+
+    Returns:
+        Normalized value clamped to the range [0, 1].
+    """
     normalized = (value - min_value) / (max_value - min_value)
     normalized_clamped = max(0, min(1, normalized))
     return normalized_clamped
 
 
 def calculate_audio_volume(audio: bytes, sample_rate: int) -> float:
+    """Calculate the loudness level of audio data using EBU R128 standard.
+
+    Uses the pyloudnorm library to calculate integrated loudness according
+    to the EBU R128 recommendation, then normalizes the result to [0, 1].
+
+    Args:
+        audio: Audio data as raw bytes (16-bit signed integers).
+        sample_rate: Sample rate of the audio in Hz.
+
+    Returns:
+        Normalized loudness value between 0 (quiet) and 1 (loud).
+    """
     audio_np = np.frombuffer(audio, dtype=np.int16)
     audio_float = audio_np.astype(np.float64)
 
@@ -71,12 +134,37 @@ def calculate_audio_volume(audio: bytes, sample_rate: int) -> float:
 
 
 def exp_smoothing(value: float, prev_value: float, factor: float) -> float:
+    """Apply exponential smoothing to a value.
+
+    Exponential smoothing is used to reduce noise in time-series data by
+    giving more weight to recent values while still considering historical data.
+
+    Args:
+        value: The new value to incorporate.
+        prev_value: The previous smoothed value.
+        factor: Smoothing factor between 0 and 1. Higher values give more
+                weight to the new value.
+
+    Returns:
+        The exponentially smoothed value.
+    """
     return prev_value + factor * (value - prev_value)
 
 
 async def ulaw_to_pcm(
     ulaw_bytes: bytes, in_rate: int, out_rate: int, resampler: BaseAudioResampler
 ):
+    """Convert μ-law encoded audio to PCM and optionally resample.
+
+    Args:
+        ulaw_bytes: μ-law encoded audio data as raw bytes.
+        in_rate: Original sample rate of the μ-law audio in Hz.
+        out_rate: Desired output sample rate in Hz.
+        resampler: Audio resampler instance for rate conversion.
+
+    Returns:
+        PCM audio data as raw bytes at the specified output rate.
+    """
     # Convert μ-law to PCM
     in_pcm_bytes = audioop.ulaw2lin(ulaw_bytes, 2)
 
@@ -87,6 +175,17 @@ async def ulaw_to_pcm(
 
 
 async def pcm_to_ulaw(pcm_bytes: bytes, in_rate: int, out_rate: int, resampler: BaseAudioResampler):
+    """Convert PCM audio to μ-law encoding and optionally resample.
+
+    Args:
+        pcm_bytes: PCM audio data as raw bytes (16-bit signed integers).
+        in_rate: Original sample rate of the PCM audio in Hz.
+        out_rate: Desired output sample rate in Hz.
+        resampler: Audio resampler instance for rate conversion.
+
+    Returns:
+        μ-law encoded audio data as raw bytes at the specified output rate.
+    """
     # Resample
     in_pcm_bytes = await resampler.resample(pcm_bytes, in_rate, out_rate)
 
@@ -99,6 +198,17 @@ async def pcm_to_ulaw(pcm_bytes: bytes, in_rate: int, out_rate: int, resampler:
 async def alaw_to_pcm(
     alaw_bytes: bytes, in_rate: int, out_rate: int, resampler: BaseAudioResampler
 ) -> bytes:
+    """Convert A-law encoded audio to PCM and optionally resample.
+
+    Args:
+        alaw_bytes: A-law encoded audio data as raw bytes.
+        in_rate: Original sample rate of the A-law audio in Hz.
+        out_rate: Desired output sample rate in Hz.
+        resampler: Audio resampler instance for rate conversion.
+
+    Returns:
+        PCM audio data as raw bytes at the specified output rate.
+    """
     # Convert a-law to PCM
     in_pcm_bytes = audioop.alaw2lin(alaw_bytes, 2)
 
@@ -109,6 +219,17 @@ async def alaw_to_pcm(
 
 
 async def pcm_to_alaw(pcm_bytes: bytes, in_rate: int, out_rate: int, resampler: BaseAudioResampler):
+    """Convert PCM audio to A-law encoding and optionally resample.
+
+    Args:
+        pcm_bytes: PCM audio data as raw bytes (16-bit signed integers).
+        in_rate: Original sample rate of the PCM audio in Hz.
+        out_rate: Desired output sample rate in Hz.
+        resampler: Audio resampler instance for rate conversion.
+
+    Returns:
+        A-law encoded audio data as raw bytes at the specified output rate.
+    """
     # Resample
     in_pcm_bytes = await resampler.resample(pcm_bytes, in_rate, out_rate)
 

src/pipecat/audio/vad/silero.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Silero Voice Activity Detection (VAD) implementation for Pipecat.
+
+This module provides a VAD analyzer based on the Silero VAD ONNX model,
+which can detect voice activity in audio streams with high accuracy.
+Supports 8kHz and 16kHz sample rates.
+"""
+
 import time
 from typing import Optional
 
@@ -25,7 +32,20 @@ except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
 
 
 class SileroOnnxModel:
+    """ONNX runtime wrapper for the Silero VAD model.
+
+    Provides voice activity detection using the pre-trained Silero VAD model
+    with ONNX runtime for efficient inference. Handles model state management
+    and input validation for audio processing.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, path, force_onnx_cpu=True):
+        """Initialize the Silero ONNX model.
+
+        Args:
+            path: Path to the ONNX model file.
+            force_onnx_cpu: Whether to force CPU execution provider.
+        """
         import numpy as np
 
         global np
@@ -45,6 +65,7 @@ class SileroOnnxModel:
         self.sample_rates = [8000, 16000]
 
     def _validate_input(self, x, sr: int):
+        """Validate and preprocess input audio data."""
         if np.ndim(x) == 1:
             x = np.expand_dims(x, 0)
         if np.ndim(x) > 2:
@@ -60,12 +81,18 @@ class SileroOnnxModel:
         return x, sr
 
     def reset_states(self, batch_size=1):
+        """Reset the internal model states.
+
+        Args:
+            batch_size: Batch size for state initialization. Defaults to 1.
+        """
         self._state = np.zeros((2, batch_size, 128), dtype="float32")
         self._context = np.zeros((batch_size, 0), dtype="float32")
         self._last_sr = 0
         self._last_batch_size = 0
 
     def __call__(self, x, sr: int):
+        """Process audio input through the VAD model."""
         x, sr = self._validate_input(x, sr)
         num_samples = 512 if sr == 16000 else 256
 
@@ -105,7 +132,20 @@ class SileroOnnxModel:
 
 
 class SileroVADAnalyzer(VADAnalyzer):
+    """Voice Activity Detection analyzer using the Silero VAD model.
+
+    Implements VAD analysis using the pre-trained Silero ONNX model for
+    accurate voice activity detection. Supports 8kHz and 16kHz sample rates
+    with automatic model state management and periodic resets.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, *, sample_rate: Optional[int] = None, params: Optional[VADParams] = None):
+        """Initialize the Silero VAD analyzer.
+
+        Args:
+            sample_rate: Audio sample rate (8000 or 16000 Hz). If None, will be set later.
+            params: VAD parameters for detection thresholds and timing.
+        """
         super().__init__(sample_rate=sample_rate, params=params)
 
         logger.debug("Loading Silero VAD model...")
@@ -137,6 +177,14 @@ class SileroVADAnalyzer(VADAnalyzer):
     #
 
     def set_sample_rate(self, sample_rate: int):
+        """Set the sample rate for audio processing.
+
+        Args:
+            sample_rate: Audio sample rate (must be 8000 or 16000 Hz).
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If sample rate is not 8000 or 16000 Hz.
+        """
         if sample_rate != 16000 and sample_rate != 8000:
             raise ValueError(
                 f"Silero VAD sample rate needs to be 16000 or 8000 (sample rate: {sample_rate})"
@@ -145,9 +193,22 @@ class SileroVADAnalyzer(VADAnalyzer):
         super().set_sample_rate(sample_rate)
 
     def num_frames_required(self) -> int:
+        """Get the number of audio frames required for VAD analysis.
+
+        Returns:
+            Number of frames required (512 for 16kHz, 256 for 8kHz).
+        """
         return 512 if self.sample_rate == 16000 else 256
 
     def voice_confidence(self, buffer) -> float:
+        """Calculate voice activity confidence for the given audio buffer.
+
+        Args:
+            buffer: Audio buffer to analyze.
+
+        Returns:
+            Voice confidence score between 0.0 and 1.0.
+        """
         try:
             audio_int16 = np.frombuffer(buffer, np.int16)
             # Divide by 32768 because we have signed 16-bit data.

src/pipecat/audio/vad/vad_analyzer.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Voice Activity Detection (VAD) analyzer base classes and utilities.
+
+This module provides the abstract base class for VAD analyzers and associated
+data structures for voice activity detection in audio streams. Includes state
+management, parameter configuration, and audio analysis framework.
+"""
+
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from enum import Enum
 from typing import Optional
@@ -20,6 +27,15 @@ VAD_MIN_VOLUME = 0.6
 
 
 class VADState(Enum):
+    """Voice Activity Detection states.
+
+    Parameters:
+        QUIET: No voice activity detected.
+        STARTING: Voice activity beginning, transitioning from quiet.
+        SPEAKING: Active voice detected and confirmed.
+        STOPPING: Voice activity ending, transitioning to quiet.
+    """
+
     QUIET = 1
     STARTING = 2
     SPEAKING = 3
@@ -27,6 +43,15 @@ class VADState(Enum):
 
 
 class VADParams(BaseModel):
+    """Configuration parameters for Voice Activity Detection.
+
+    Parameters:
+        confidence: Minimum confidence threshold for voice detection.
+        start_secs: Duration to wait before confirming voice start.
+        stop_secs: Duration to wait before confirming voice stop.
+        min_volume: Minimum audio volume threshold for voice detection.
+    """
+
     confidence: float = VAD_CONFIDENCE
     start_secs: float = VAD_START_SECS
     stop_secs: float = VAD_STOP_SECS
@@ -34,7 +59,20 @@ class VADParams(BaseModel):
 
 
 class VADAnalyzer(ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for Voice Activity Detection analyzers.
+
+    Provides the framework for implementing VAD analysis with configurable
+    parameters, state management, and audio processing capabilities.
+    Subclasses must implement the core voice confidence calculation.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, *, sample_rate: Optional[int] = None, params: Optional[VADParams] = None):
+        """Initialize the VAD analyzer.
+
+        Args:
+            sample_rate: Audio sample rate in Hz. If None, will be set later.
+            params: VAD parameters for detection configuration.
+        """
         self._init_sample_rate = sample_rate
         self._sample_rate = 0
         self._params = params or VADParams()
@@ -48,29 +86,67 @@ class VADAnalyzer(ABC):
 
     @property
     def sample_rate(self) -> int:
+        """Get the current sample rate.
+
+        Returns:
+            Current audio sample rate in Hz.
+        """
         return self._sample_rate
 
     @property
     def num_channels(self) -> int:
+        """Get the number of audio channels.
+
+        Returns:
+            Number of audio channels (always 1 for mono).
+        """
         return self._num_channels
 
     @property
     def params(self) -> VADParams:
+        """Get the current VAD parameters.
+
+        Returns:
+            Current VAD configuration parameters.
+        """
         return self._params
 
     @abstractmethod
     def num_frames_required(self) -> int:
+        """Get the number of audio frames required for analysis.
+
+        Returns:
+            Number of frames needed for VAD processing.
+        """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     def voice_confidence(self, buffer) -> float:
+        """Calculate voice activity confidence for the given audio buffer.
+
+        Args:
+            buffer: Audio buffer to analyze.
+
+        Returns:
+            Voice confidence score between 0.0 and 1.0.
+        """
         pass
 
     def set_sample_rate(self, sample_rate: int):
+        """Set the sample rate for audio processing.
+
+        Args:
+            sample_rate: Audio sample rate in Hz.
+        """
         self._sample_rate = self._init_sample_rate or sample_rate
         self.set_params(self._params)
 
     def set_params(self, params: VADParams):
+        """Set VAD parameters and recalculate internal values.
+
+        Args:
+            params: VAD parameters for detection configuration.
+        """
         logger.debug(f"Setting VAD params to: {params}")
         self._params = params
         self._vad_frames = self.num_frames_required()
@@ -85,10 +161,22 @@ class VADAnalyzer(ABC):
         self._vad_state: VADState = VADState.QUIET
 
     def _get_smoothed_volume(self, audio: bytes) -> float:
+        """Calculate smoothed audio volume using exponential smoothing."""
         volume = calculate_audio_volume(audio, self.sample_rate)
         return exp_smoothing(volume, self._prev_volume, self._smoothing_factor)
 
     def analyze_audio(self, buffer) -> VADState:
+        """Analyze audio buffer and return current VAD state.
+
+        Processes incoming audio data, maintains internal state, and determines
+        voice activity status based on confidence and volume thresholds.
+
+        Args:
+            buffer: Audio buffer to analyze.
+
+        Returns:
+            Current VAD state after processing the buffer.
+        """
         self._vad_buffer += buffer
 
         num_required_bytes = self._vad_frames_num_bytes

src/pipecat/clocks/base_clock.py

@@ -4,14 +4,33 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Base clock interface for Pipecat timing operations."""
+
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 
 
 class BaseClock(ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for clock implementations.
+
+    Provides a common interface for timing operations used in Pipecat
+    for synchronization, scheduling, and time-based processing.
+    """
+
     @abstractmethod
     def get_time(self) -> int:
+        """Get the current time value.
+
+        Returns:
+            The current time as an integer value. The specific unit and
+            reference point depend on the concrete implementation.
+        """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     def start(self):
+        """Start or initialize the clock.
+
+        Performs any necessary initialization or starts the timing mechanism.
+        This method should be called before using get_time().
+        """
         pass

src/pipecat/clocks/system_clock.py

@@ -4,17 +4,42 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""System clock implementation for Pipecat."""
+
 import time
 
 from pipecat.clocks.base_clock import BaseClock
 
 
 class SystemClock(BaseClock):
+    """A monotonic clock implementation using system time.
+
+    Provides high-precision timing using the system's monotonic clock,
+    which is not affected by system clock adjustments and is suitable
+    for measuring elapsed time in real-time applications.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self):
+        """Initialize the system clock.
+
+        The clock starts in an uninitialized state and must be started
+        explicitly using the start() method before time measurement begins.
+        """
         self._time = 0
 
     def get_time(self) -> int:
+        """Get the elapsed time since the clock was started.
+
+        Returns:
+            The elapsed time in nanoseconds since start() was called.
+            Returns 0 if the clock has not been started yet.
+        """
         return time.monotonic_ns() - self._time if self._time > 0 else 0
 
     def start(self):
+        """Start the clock and begin time measurement.
+
+        Records the current monotonic time as the reference point
+        for all subsequent get_time() calls.
+        """
         self._time = time.monotonic_ns()

src/pipecat/examples/daily_runner.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Daily.co room configuration utilities for Pipecat examples."""
+
 import argparse
 import os
 from typing import Optional
@@ -14,6 +16,17 @@ from pipecat.transports.services.helpers.daily_rest import DailyRESTHelper
 
 
 async def configure(aiohttp_session: aiohttp.ClientSession):
+    """Configure Daily.co room URL and token from arguments or environment.
+
+    Args:
+        aiohttp_session: HTTP session for making API requests.
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple containing the room URL and authentication token.
+
+    Raises:
+        Exception: If room URL or API key are not provided.
+    """
     (url, token, _) = await configure_with_args(aiohttp_session)
     return (url, token)
 
@@ -21,6 +34,18 @@ async def configure(aiohttp_session: aiohttp.ClientSession):
 async def configure_with_args(
     aiohttp_session: aiohttp.ClientSession, parser: Optional[argparse.ArgumentParser] = None
 ):
+    """Configure Daily.co room with command-line argument parsing.
+
+    Args:
+        aiohttp_session: HTTP session for making API requests.
+        parser: Optional argument parser. If None, creates a default one.
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple containing room URL, authentication token, and parsed arguments.
+
+    Raises:
+        Exception: If room URL or API key are not provided via arguments or environment.
+    """
     if not parser:
         parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Daily AI SDK Bot Sample")
     parser.add_argument(

src/pipecat/examples/run.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Pipecat example runner with support for multiple transport types.
+
+This module provides a unified interface for running Pipecat examples across
+different transport types including Daily.co, WebRTC, and Twilio. It handles
+setup, configuration, and lifecycle management for each transport type.
+"""
+
 import argparse
 import asyncio
 import json
@@ -35,6 +42,15 @@ load_dotenv(override=True)
 
 
 def get_transport_client_id(transport: BaseTransport, client: Any) -> str:
+    """Get client identifier from transport-specific client object.
+
+    Args:
+        transport: The transport instance.
+        client: Transport-specific client object.
+
+    Returns:
+        Client identifier string, empty if transport not supported.
+    """
     if isinstance(transport, SmallWebRTCTransport):
         return client.pc_id
     elif isinstance(transport, DailyTransport):
@@ -46,6 +62,13 @@ def get_transport_client_id(transport: BaseTransport, client: Any) -> str:
 async def maybe_capture_participant_camera(
     transport: BaseTransport, client: Any, framerate: int = 0
 ):
+    """Capture participant camera video if transport supports it.
+
+    Args:
+        transport: The transport instance.
+        client: Transport-specific client object.
+        framerate: Video capture framerate. Defaults to 0 (auto).
+    """
     if isinstance(transport, DailyTransport):
         await transport.capture_participant_video(
             client["id"], framerate=framerate, video_source="camera"
@@ -55,6 +78,13 @@ async def maybe_capture_participant_camera(
 async def maybe_capture_participant_screen(
     transport: BaseTransport, client: Any, framerate: int = 0
 ):
+    """Capture participant screen video if transport supports it.
+
+    Args:
+        transport: The transport instance.
+        client: Transport-specific client object.
+        framerate: Video capture framerate. Defaults to 0 (auto).
+    """
     if isinstance(transport, DailyTransport):
         await transport.capture_participant_video(
             client["id"], framerate=framerate, video_source="screenVideo"
@@ -66,6 +96,13 @@ def run_example_daily(
     args: argparse.Namespace,
     transport_params: Mapping[str, Callable] = {},
 ):
+    """Run example using Daily.co transport.
+
+    Args:
+        run_example: The example function to run.
+        args: Parsed command-line arguments.
+        transport_params: Mapping of transport names to parameter factory functions.
+    """
     logger.info("Running example with DailyTransport...")
 
     from pipecat.examples.daily_runner import configure
@@ -87,6 +124,13 @@ def run_example_webrtc(
     args: argparse.Namespace,
     transport_params: Mapping[str, Callable] = {},
 ):
+    """Run example using WebRTC transport with FastAPI server.
+
+    Args:
+        run_example: The example function to run.
+        args: Parsed command-line arguments.
+        transport_params: Mapping of transport names to parameter factory functions.
+    """
     logger.info("Running example with SmallWebRTCTransport...")
 
     from pipecat_ai_small_webrtc_prebuilt.frontend import SmallWebRTCPrebuiltUI
@@ -107,10 +151,20 @@ def run_example_webrtc(
 
     @app.get("/", include_in_schema=False)
     async def root_redirect():
+        """Redirect root requests to client interface."""
         return RedirectResponse(url="/client/")
 
     @app.post("/api/offer")
     async def offer(request: dict, background_tasks: BackgroundTasks):
+        """Handle WebRTC offer requests and manage peer connections.
+
+        Args:
+            request: WebRTC offer request containing SDP and connection details.
+            background_tasks: FastAPI background tasks for running examples.
+
+        Returns:
+            WebRTC answer with connection details.
+        """
         pc_id = request.get("pc_id")
 
         if pc_id and pc_id in pcs_map:
@@ -127,6 +181,11 @@ def run_example_webrtc(
 
             @pipecat_connection.event_handler("closed")
             async def handle_disconnected(webrtc_connection: SmallWebRTCConnection):
+                """Handle WebRTC connection closure and cleanup.
+
+                Args:
+                    webrtc_connection: The closed WebRTC connection.
+                """
                 logger.info(f"Discarding peer connection for pc_id: {webrtc_connection.pc_id}")
                 pcs_map.pop(webrtc_connection.pc_id, None)
 
@@ -143,6 +202,11 @@ def run_example_webrtc(
 
     @asynccontextmanager
     async def lifespan(app: FastAPI):
+        """Manage FastAPI application lifecycle and cleanup connections.
+
+        Args:
+            app: The FastAPI application instance.
+        """
         yield  # Run app
         coros = [pc.disconnect() for pc in pcs_map.values()]
         await asyncio.gather(*coros)
@@ -156,6 +220,13 @@ def run_example_twilio(
     args: argparse.Namespace,
     transport_params: Mapping[str, Callable] = {},
 ):
+    """Run example using Twilio transport with FastAPI WebSocket server.
+
+    Args:
+        run_example: The example function to run.
+        args: Parsed command-line arguments.
+        transport_params: Mapping of transport names to parameter factory functions.
+    """
     logger.info("Running example with FastAPIWebsocketTransport (Twilio)...")
 
     app = FastAPI()
@@ -170,6 +241,11 @@ def run_example_twilio(
 
     @app.post("/")
     async def start_call():
+        """Handle Twilio webhook and return TwiML response.
+
+        Returns:
+            TwiML XML response directing call to WebSocket stream.
+        """
         logger.debug("POST TwiML")
 
         xml_content = f"""<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
@@ -184,6 +260,11 @@ def run_example_twilio(
 
     @app.websocket("/ws")
     async def websocket_endpoint(websocket: WebSocket):
+        """Handle Twilio WebSocket connections for voice streaming.
+
+        Args:
+            websocket: The WebSocket connection from Twilio.
+        """
         await websocket.accept()
 
         logger.debug("WebSocket connection accepted")
@@ -216,6 +297,13 @@ def run_main(
     args: argparse.Namespace,
     transport_params: Mapping[str, Callable] = {},
 ):
+    """Run the example with the specified transport type.
+
+    Args:
+        run_example: The example function to run.
+        args: Parsed command-line arguments.
+        transport_params: Mapping of transport names to parameter factory functions.
+    """
     if args.transport not in transport_params:
         logger.error(f"Transport '{args.transport}' not supported by this example")
         return
@@ -235,6 +323,13 @@ def main(
     parser: Optional[argparse.ArgumentParser] = None,
     transport_params: Mapping[str, Callable] = {},
 ):
+    """Main entry point for running Pipecat examples with transport selection.
+
+    Args:
+        run_example: The example function to run.
+        parser: Optional argument parser. If None, creates a default one.
+        transport_params: Mapping of transport names to parameter factory functions.
+    """
     if not parser:
         parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Pipecat Bot Runner")
     parser.add_argument(

src/pipecat/metrics/metrics.py

@@ -1,22 +1,64 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2024–2025, Daily
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
+#
+
+"""Metrics data models for Pipecat framework.
+
+This module defines Pydantic models for various types of metrics data
+collected throughout the pipeline, including timing, token usage, and
+processing statistics.
+"""
+
 from typing import Optional
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
 
 class MetricsData(BaseModel):
+    """Base class for all metrics data.
+
+    Parameters:
+        processor: Name of the processor generating the metrics.
+        model: Optional model name associated with the metrics.
+    """
+
     processor: str
     model: Optional[str] = None
 
 
 class TTFBMetricsData(MetricsData):
+    """Time To First Byte (TTFB) metrics data.
+
+    Parameters:
+        value: TTFB measurement in seconds.
+    """
+
     value: float
 
 
 class ProcessingMetricsData(MetricsData):
+    """General processing time metrics data.
+
+    Parameters:
+        value: Processing time measurement in seconds.
+    """
+
     value: float
 
 
 class LLMTokenUsage(BaseModel):
+    """Token usage statistics for LLM operations.
+
+    Parameters:
+        prompt_tokens: Number of tokens in the input prompt.
+        completion_tokens: Number of tokens in the generated completion.
+        total_tokens: Total number of tokens used (prompt + completion).
+        cache_read_input_tokens: Number of tokens read from cache, if applicable.
+        cache_creation_input_tokens: Number of tokens used to create cache entries, if applicable.
+    """
+
     prompt_tokens: int
     completion_tokens: int
     total_tokens: int
@@ -26,15 +68,35 @@ class LLMTokenUsage(BaseModel):
 
 
 class LLMUsageMetricsData(MetricsData):
+    """LLM token usage metrics data.
+
+    Parameters:
+        value: Token usage statistics for the LLM operation.
+    """
+
     value: LLMTokenUsage
 
 
 class TTSUsageMetricsData(MetricsData):
+    """Text-to-Speech usage metrics data.
+
+    Parameters:
+        value: Number of characters processed by TTS.
+    """
+
     value: int
 
 
 class SmartTurnMetricsData(MetricsData):
-    """Metrics data for smart turn predictions."""
+    """Metrics data for smart turn predictions.
+
+    Parameters:
+        is_complete: Whether the turn is predicted to be complete.
+        probability: Confidence probability of the turn completion prediction.
+        inference_time_ms: Time taken for inference in milliseconds.
+        server_total_time_ms: Total server processing time in milliseconds.
+        e2e_processing_time_ms: End-to-end processing time in milliseconds.
+    """
 
     is_complete: bool
     probability: float

src/pipecat/observers/base_observer.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Base observer classes for monitoring frame flow in the Pipecat pipeline.
+
+This module provides the foundation for observing frame transfers between
+processors without modifying the pipeline structure. Observers can be used
+for logging, debugging, analytics, and monitoring pipeline behavior.
+"""
+
 from abc import abstractmethod
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 
@@ -18,19 +25,19 @@ if TYPE_CHECKING:
 
 @dataclass
 class FramePushed:
-    """Represents an event where a frame is pushed from one processor to another
+    """Event data for frame transfers between processors in the pipeline.
-    within the pipeline.
 
-    This data structure is typically used by observers to track the flow of
+    Represents an event where a frame is pushed from one processor to another
-    frames through the pipeline for logging, debugging, or analytics purposes.
+    within the pipeline. This data structure is typically used by observers
-
+    to track the flow of frames through the pipeline for logging, debugging,
-    Attributes:
+    or analytics purposes.
-        source (FrameProcessor): The processor sending the frame.
-        destination (FrameProcessor): The processor receiving the frame.
-        frame (Frame): The frame being transferred.
-        direction (FrameDirection): The direction of the transfer (e.g., downstream or upstream).
-        timestamp (int): The time when the frame was pushed, based on the pipeline clock.
 
+    Parameters:
+        source: The processor sending the frame.
+        destination: The processor receiving the frame.
+        frame: The frame being transferred.
+        direction: The direction of the transfer (e.g., downstream or upstream).
+        timestamp: The time when the frame was pushed, based on the pipeline clock.
     """
 
     source: "FrameProcessor"
@@ -41,11 +48,12 @@ class FramePushed:
 
 
 class BaseObserver(BaseObject):
-    """This is the base class for pipeline frame observers. Observers can view
+    """Base class for pipeline frame observers.
-    all the frames that go through the pipeline without the need to inject
-    processors in the pipeline. This can be useful, for example, to implement
-    frame loggers or debuggers among other things.
 
+    Observers can view all frames that flow through the pipeline without
+    needing to inject processors into the pipeline structure. This enables
+    non-intrusive monitoring capabilities such as frame logging, debugging,
+    performance analysis, and analytics collection.
     """
 
     @abstractmethod
@@ -57,7 +65,6 @@ class BaseObserver(BaseObject):
         transferred through the pipeline.
 
         Args:
-            data (FramePushed): The event data containing details about the frame transfer.
+            data: The event data containing details about the frame transfer.
-
         """
         pass

src/pipecat/observers/loggers/debug_log_observer.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Debug logging observer for frame activity monitoring.
+
+This module provides a debug observer that logs detailed frame activity
+to the console, making it useful for debugging pipeline behavior and
+understanding frame flow between processors.
+"""
+
 from dataclasses import fields, is_dataclass
 from enum import Enum, auto
 from typing import Dict, Optional, Set, Tuple, Type, Union
@@ -16,7 +23,12 @@ from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
 
 
 class FrameEndpoint(Enum):
-    """Specifies which endpoint (source or destination) to filter on."""
+    """Specifies which endpoint (source or destination) to filter on.
+
+    Parameters:
+        SOURCE: Filter on the source component that is pushing the frame.
+        DESTINATION: Filter on the destination component receiving the frame.
+    """
 
     SOURCE = auto()
     DESTINATION = auto()
@@ -28,44 +40,36 @@ class DebugLogObserver(BaseObserver):
     Automatically extracts and formats data from any frame type, making it useful
     for debugging pipeline behavior without needing frame-specific observers.
 
-    Args:
-        frame_types: Optional tuple of frame types to log, or a dict with frame type
-            filters. If None, logs all frame types.
-        exclude_fields: Optional set of field names to exclude from logging.
-
     Examples:
-        Log all frames from all services:
+        Log all frames from all services::
-        ```python
-        observers = DebugLogObserver()
-        ```
 
-        Log specific frame types from any source/destination:
+            observers = DebugLogObserver()
-        ```python
-        from pipecat.frames.frames import TranscriptionFrame, InterimTranscriptionFrame
-        observers=[
-            DebugLogObserver(frame_types=(LLMTextFrame,TranscriptionFrame,)),
-        ],
-        ```
 
-        Log frames with specific source/destination filters:
+        Log specific frame types from any source/destination::
-        ```python
-        from pipecat.frames.frames import StartInterruptionFrame, UserStartedSpeakingFrame, LLMTextFrame
-        from pipecat.transports.base_output_transport import BaseOutputTransport
-        from pipecat.services.stt_service import STTService
 
-        observers=[
+            from pipecat.frames.frames import TranscriptionFrame, InterimTranscriptionFrame
-            DebugLogObserver(
+            observers=[
-                frame_types={
+                DebugLogObserver(frame_types=(LLMTextFrame,TranscriptionFrame,)),
-                    # Only log StartInterruptionFrame when source is BaseOutputTransport
+            ]
-                    StartInterruptionFrame: (BaseOutputTransport, FrameEndpoint.SOURCE),
+
-                    # Only log UserStartedSpeakingFrame when destination is STTService
+        Log frames with specific source/destination filters::
-                    UserStartedSpeakingFrame: (STTService, FrameEndpoint.DESTINATION),
+
-                    # Log LLMTextFrame regardless of source or destination type
+            from pipecat.frames.frames import StartInterruptionFrame, UserStartedSpeakingFrame, LLMTextFrame
-                    LLMTextFrame: None,
+            from pipecat.transports.base_output_transport import BaseOutputTransport
-                }
+            from pipecat.services.stt_service import STTService
-            ),
+
-        ],
+            observers=[
-        ```
+                DebugLogObserver(
+                    frame_types={
+                        # Only log StartInterruptionFrame when source is BaseOutputTransport
+                        StartInterruptionFrame: (BaseOutputTransport, FrameEndpoint.SOURCE),
+                        # Only log UserStartedSpeakingFrame when destination is STTService
+                        UserStartedSpeakingFrame: (STTService, FrameEndpoint.DESTINATION),
+                        # Log LLMTextFrame regardless of source or destination type
+                        LLMTextFrame: None,
+                    }
+                ),
+            ]
     """
 
     def __init__(
@@ -79,14 +83,17 @@ class DebugLogObserver(BaseObserver):
         """Initialize the debug log observer.
 
         Args:
-            frame_types: Tuple of frame types to log, or a dict mapping frame types to
+            frame_types: Frame types to log. Can be:
-                filter configurations. Filter configs can be:
+
-                - None to log all instances of the frame type
+                - Tuple of frame types to log all instances
-                - A tuple of (service_type, endpoint) to filter on a specific service
+                - Dict mapping frame types to filter configurations
-                  and endpoint (SOURCE or DESTINATION)
+                - None to log all frames
-                If None is provided instead of a tuple/dict, log all frames.
+
-            exclude_fields: Set of field names to exclude from logging. If None, only binary
+                Filter configurations can be None (log all instances) or a tuple
-                data fields are excluded.
+                of (service_type, endpoint) to filter on specific services.
+            exclude_fields: Field names to exclude from logging. Defaults to
+                excluding binary data fields like 'audio', 'image', 'images'.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to parent class.
         """
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
@@ -113,14 +120,7 @@ class DebugLogObserver(BaseObserver):
         )
 
     def _format_value(self, value):
-        """Format a value for logging.
+        """Format a value for logging."""
-
-        Args:
-            value: The value to format.
-
-        Returns:
-            str: A string representation of the value suitable for logging.
-        """
         if value is None:
             return "None"
         elif isinstance(value, str):
@@ -143,16 +143,7 @@ class DebugLogObserver(BaseObserver):
             return str(value)
 
     def _should_log_frame(self, frame, src, dst):
-        """Determine if a frame should be logged based on filters.
+        """Determine if a frame should be logged based on filters."""
-
-        Args:
-            frame: The frame being processed
-            src: The source component
-            dst: The destination component
-
-        Returns:
-            bool: True if the frame should be logged, False otherwise
-        """
         # If no filters, log all frames
         if not self.frame_filters:
             return True

src/pipecat/observers/loggers/llm_log_observer.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""LLM logging observer for Pipecat."""
+
 from loguru import logger
 
 from pipecat.frames.frames import (
@@ -34,10 +36,15 @@ class LLMLogObserver(BaseObserver):
 
     This allows you to track when the LLM starts responding, what it generates,
     and when it finishes.
-
     """
 
     async def on_push_frame(self, data: FramePushed):
+        """Handle frame push events and log LLM-related activities.
+
+        Args:
+            data: The frame push event data containing source, destination,
+                  frame, direction, and timestamp information.
+        """
         src = data.source
         dst = data.destination
         frame = data.frame

src/pipecat/observers/loggers/transcription_log_observer.py

@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Transcription logging observer for Pipecat.
+
+This module provides an observer that logs transcription frames to the console,
+allowing developers to monitor speech-to-text activity in real-time.
+"""
+
 from loguru import logger
 
 from pipecat.frames.frames import (
@@ -17,17 +23,23 @@ from pipecat.services.stt_service import STTService
 class TranscriptionLogObserver(BaseObserver):
     """Observer to log transcription activity to the console.
 
-    Logs all frame instances (only from STT service) of:
+    Monitors and logs all transcription frames from STT services, including
-
+    both final transcriptions and interim results. This allows developers
-    - TranscriptionFrame
+    to track speech recognition activity and debug transcription issues.
-    - InterimTranscriptionFrame
-
-    This allows you to track when the LLM starts responding, what it generates,
-    and when it finishes.
 
+    Only processes frames from STTService instances to avoid logging
+    unrelated transcription frames from other sources.
     """
 
     async def on_push_frame(self, data: FramePushed):
+        """Handle frame push events and log transcription frames.
+
+        Logs TranscriptionFrame and InterimTranscriptionFrame instances
+        with timestamps and user information for debugging purposes.
+
+        Args:
+            data: Frame push event data containing source, frame, and timestamp.
+        """
         src = data.source
         frame = data.frame
         timestamp = data.timestamp

src/pipecat/observers/loggers/user_bot_latency_log_observer.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Observer for measuring user-to-bot response latency."""
+
 import time
 
 from loguru import logger
@@ -18,19 +20,28 @@ from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
 
 
 class UserBotLatencyLogObserver(BaseObserver):
-    """Observer that logs the latency between when the user stops speaking and
+    """Observer that measures time between user stopping speech and bot starting speech.
-    when the bot starts speaking.
-
-    This helps measure how quickly the AI services respond.
 
+    This helps measure how quickly the AI services respond by tracking
+    conversation turn timing and logging latency metrics.
     """
 
     def __init__(self):
+        """Initialize the latency observer.
+
+        Sets up tracking for processed frames and user speech timing
+        to calculate response latencies.
+        """
         super().__init__()
         self._processed_frames = set()
         self._user_stopped_time = 0
 
     async def on_push_frame(self, data: FramePushed):
+        """Process frames to track speech timing and calculate latency.
+
+        Args:
+            data: Frame push event containing the frame and direction information.
+        """
         # Only process downstream frames
         if data.direction != FrameDirection.DOWNSTREAM:
             return

src/pipecat/observers/turn_tracking_observer.py

@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Turn tracking observer for conversation flow monitoring.
+
+This module provides an observer that monitors conversation turns in a pipeline,
+tracking when turns start and end based on user and bot speech patterns.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 from collections import deque
 
@@ -23,15 +29,30 @@ from pipecat.observers.base_observer import BaseObserver, FramePushed
 class TurnTrackingObserver(BaseObserver):
     """Observer that tracks conversation turns in a pipeline.
 
+    This observer monitors the flow of conversation by tracking when turns
+    start and end based on user and bot speaking patterns. It handles
+    interruptions, timeouts, and maintains turn state throughout the pipeline.
+
     Turn tracking logic:
+
     - The first turn starts immediately when the pipeline starts (StartFrame)
     - Subsequent turns start when the user starts speaking
     - A turn ends when the bot stops speaking and either:
+
       - The user starts speaking again
       - A timeout period elapses with no more bot speech
     """
 
     def __init__(self, max_frames=100, turn_end_timeout_secs=2.5, **kwargs):
+        """Initialize the turn tracking observer.
+
+        Args:
+            max_frames: Maximum number of frame IDs to keep in history for
+                duplicate detection. Defaults to 100.
+            turn_end_timeout_secs: Timeout in seconds after bot stops speaking
+                before automatically ending the turn. Defaults to 2.5.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to the parent observer.
+        """
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
         self._turn_count = 0
         self._is_turn_active = False
@@ -49,7 +70,11 @@ class TurnTrackingObserver(BaseObserver):
         self._register_event_handler("on_turn_ended")
 
     async def on_push_frame(self, data: FramePushed):
-        """Process frame events for turn tracking."""
+        """Process frame events for turn tracking.
+
+        Args:
+            data: Frame push event data containing the frame and metadata.
+        """
         # Skip already processed frames
         if data.frame.id in self._processed_frames:
             return

src/pipecat/pipeline/base_pipeline.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Base pipeline implementation for frame processing."""
+
 from abc import abstractmethod
 from typing import List
 
@@ -11,9 +13,24 @@ from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameProcessor
 
 
 class BasePipeline(FrameProcessor):
+    """Base class for all pipeline implementations.
+
+    Provides the foundation for pipeline processors that need to support
+    metrics collection from their contained processors.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self):
+        """Initialize the base pipeline."""
         super().__init__()
 
     @abstractmethod
     def processors_with_metrics(self) -> List[FrameProcessor]:
+        """Return processors that can generate metrics.
+
+        Implementing classes should collect and return all processors within
+        their pipeline that support metrics generation.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of frame processors that support metrics collection.
+        """
         pass

src/pipecat/pipeline/base_task.py

@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Base pipeline task implementation for managing pipeline execution.
+
+This module provides the abstract base class and configuration for pipeline
+tasks that manage the lifecycle and execution of frame processing pipelines.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 from abc import abstractmethod
 from dataclasses import dataclass
@@ -15,44 +21,81 @@ from pipecat.utils.base_object import BaseObject
 
 @dataclass
 class PipelineTaskParams:
-    """Specific configuration for the pipeline task."""
+    """Configuration parameters for pipeline task execution.
+
+    Parameters:
+        loop: The asyncio event loop to use for task execution.
+    """
 
     loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop
 
 
 class BasePipelineTask(BaseObject):
+    """Abstract base class for pipeline task implementations.
+
+    Defines the interface for managing pipeline execution lifecycle,
+    including starting, stopping, and frame queuing operations.
+    """
+
     @abstractmethod
     def has_finished(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates whether the tasks has finished. That is, all processors
+        """Check if the pipeline task has finished execution.
-        have stopped.
 
+        Returns:
+            True if all processors have stopped and the task is complete.
         """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def stop_when_done(self):
-        """This is a helper function that sends an EndFrame to the pipeline in
+        """Schedule the pipeline to stop after processing all queued frames.
-        order to stop the task after everything in it has been processed.
 
+        Implementing classes should send an EndFrame or equivalent signal to
+        gracefully terminate the pipeline once all current processing is complete.
         """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def cancel(self):
-        """Stops the running pipeline immediately."""
+        """Immediately stop the running pipeline.
+
+        Implementing classes should cancel all running tasks and stop frame
+        processing without waiting for completion.
+        """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def run(self, params: PipelineTaskParams):
-        """Starts running the given pipeline."""
+        """Start and run the pipeline with the given parameters.
+
+        Implementing classes should initialize and execute the pipeline using
+        the provided configuration parameters.
+
+        Args:
+            params: Configuration parameters for pipeline execution.
+        """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def queue_frame(self, frame: Frame):
-        """Queue a frame to be pushed down the pipeline."""
+        """Queue a single frame for processing by the pipeline.
+
+        Implementing classes should add the frame to their processing queue
+        for downstream handling.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to be processed.
+        """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def queue_frames(self, frames: Iterable[Frame] | AsyncIterable[Frame]):
-        """Queues multiple frames to be pushed down the pipeline."""
+        """Queue multiple frames for processing by the pipeline.
+
+        Implementing classes should process the iterable/async iterable and
+        add all frames to their processing queue.
+
+        Args:
+            frames: An iterable or async iterable of frames to be processed.
+        """
         pass

src/pipecat/pipeline/parallel_pipeline.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Parallel pipeline implementation for concurrent frame processing.
+
+This module provides a parallel pipeline that processes frames through multiple
+sub-pipelines concurrently, with coordination for system frames and proper
+handling of pipeline lifecycle events.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 from itertools import chain
 from typing import Awaitable, Callable, Dict, List
@@ -25,16 +32,34 @@ from pipecat.utils.asyncio.watchdog_queue import WatchdogQueue
 
 
 class ParallelPipelineSource(FrameProcessor):
+    """Source processor for parallel pipeline branches.
+
+    Handles frame routing for parallel pipeline inputs, directing system frames
+    to the parent push function and other upstream frames to a queue for processing.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         upstream_queue: asyncio.Queue,
         push_frame_func: Callable[[Frame, FrameDirection], Awaitable[None]],
     ):
+        """Initialize the parallel pipeline source.
+
+        Args:
+            upstream_queue: Queue for collecting upstream frames from this branch.
+            push_frame_func: Function to push frames to the parent parallel pipeline.
+        """
         super().__init__()
         self._up_queue = upstream_queue
         self._push_frame_func = push_frame_func
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        """Process frames with special handling for system frames.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to process.
+            direction: The direction of frame flow.
+        """
         await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
 
         match direction:
@@ -48,16 +73,34 @@ class ParallelPipelineSource(FrameProcessor):
 
 
 class ParallelPipelineSink(FrameProcessor):
+    """Sink processor for parallel pipeline branches.
+
+    Handles frame routing for parallel pipeline outputs, directing system frames
+    to the parent push function and other downstream frames to a queue for coordination.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         downstream_queue: asyncio.Queue,
         push_frame_func: Callable[[Frame, FrameDirection], Awaitable[None]],
     ):
+        """Initialize the parallel pipeline sink.
+
+        Args:
+            downstream_queue: Queue for collecting downstream frames from this branch.
+            push_frame_func: Function to push frames to the parent parallel pipeline.
+        """
         super().__init__()
         self._down_queue = downstream_queue
         self._push_frame_func = push_frame_func
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        """Process frames with special handling for system frames.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to process.
+            direction: The direction of frame flow.
+        """
         await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
 
         match direction:
@@ -71,7 +114,24 @@ class ParallelPipelineSink(FrameProcessor):
 
 
 class ParallelPipeline(BasePipeline):
+    """Pipeline that processes frames through multiple sub-pipelines concurrently.
+
+    Creates multiple parallel processing branches from the provided processor lists,
+    coordinating frame flow and ensuring proper synchronization of lifecycle events
+    like EndFrames. Each branch runs independently while system frames are handled
+    specially to maintain pipeline coordination.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, *args):
+        """Initialize the parallel pipeline with processor lists.
+
+        Args:
+            *args: Variable number of processor lists, each becoming a parallel branch.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If no processor lists are provided.
+            TypeError: If any argument is not a list of processors.
+        """
         super().__init__()
 
         if len(args) == 0:
@@ -93,6 +153,11 @@ class ParallelPipeline(BasePipeline):
     #
 
     def processors_with_metrics(self) -> List[FrameProcessor]:
+        """Collect processors that can generate metrics from all parallel branches.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of frame processors that support metrics collection from all branches.
+        """
         return list(chain.from_iterable(p.processors_with_metrics() for p in self._pipelines))
 
     #
@@ -100,6 +165,14 @@ class ParallelPipeline(BasePipeline):
     #
 
     async def setup(self, setup: FrameProcessorSetup):
+        """Set up the parallel pipeline and all its branches.
+
+        Args:
+            setup: Configuration for frame processor setup.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If any processor list argument is not actually a list.
+        """
         await super().setup(setup)
 
         self._up_queue = WatchdogQueue(setup.task_manager)
@@ -129,12 +202,19 @@ class ParallelPipeline(BasePipeline):
         await asyncio.gather(*[s.setup(setup) for s in self._sinks])
 
     async def cleanup(self):
+        """Clean up the parallel pipeline and all its branches."""
         await super().cleanup()
         await asyncio.gather(*[s.cleanup() for s in self._sources])
         await asyncio.gather(*[p.cleanup() for p in self._pipelines])
         await asyncio.gather(*[s.cleanup() for s in self._sinks])
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        """Process frames through all parallel branches with lifecycle coordination.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to process.
+            direction: The direction of frame flow.
+        """
         await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
 
         if isinstance(frame, StartFrame):
@@ -159,9 +239,11 @@ class ParallelPipeline(BasePipeline):
             await self._stop()
 
     async def _start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the parallel pipeline processing tasks."""
         await self._create_tasks()
 
     async def _stop(self):
+        """Stop all parallel pipeline processing tasks."""
         if self._up_task:
             # The up task doesn't receive an EndFrame, so we just cancel it.
             await self.cancel_task(self._up_task)
@@ -174,6 +256,7 @@ class ParallelPipeline(BasePipeline):
             self._down_task = None
 
     async def _cancel(self):
+        """Cancel all parallel pipeline processing tasks."""
         if self._up_task:
             await self.cancel_task(self._up_task)
             self._up_task = None
@@ -182,34 +265,44 @@ class ParallelPipeline(BasePipeline):
             self._down_task = None
 
     async def _create_tasks(self):
+        """Create upstream and downstream processing tasks if not already running."""
         if not self._up_task:
             self._up_task = self.create_task(self._process_up_queue())
         if not self._down_task:
             self._down_task = self.create_task(self._process_down_queue())
 
     async def _drain_queues(self):
+        """Drain all frames from upstream and downstream queues."""
         while not self._up_queue.empty:
             await self._up_queue.get()
         while not self._down_queue.empty:
             await self._down_queue.get()
 
     async def _handle_interruption(self):
+        """Handle interruption by cancelling tasks, draining queues, and restarting."""
         await self._cancel()
         await self._drain_queues()
         await self._create_tasks()
 
     async def _parallel_push_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        """Push frames while avoiding duplicates using frame ID tracking."""
         if frame.id not in self._seen_ids:
             self._seen_ids.add(frame.id)
             await self.push_frame(frame, direction)
 
     async def _process_up_queue(self):
+        """Process upstream frames from all parallel branches."""
         while True:
             frame = await self._up_queue.get()
             await self._parallel_push_frame(frame, FrameDirection.UPSTREAM)
             self._up_queue.task_done()
 
     async def _process_down_queue(self):
+        """Process downstream frames with EndFrame coordination.
+
+        Coordinates EndFrames to ensure they are only pushed upstream once
+        all parallel branches have completed processing them.
+        """
         running = True
         while running:
             frame = await self._down_queue.get()

src/pipecat/pipeline/pipeline.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Pipeline implementation for connecting and managing frame processors.
+
+This module provides the main Pipeline class that connects frame processors
+in sequence and manages frame flow between them, along with helper classes
+for pipeline source and sink operations.
+"""
+
 from typing import Callable, Coroutine, List
 
 from pipecat.frames.frames import Frame
@@ -12,11 +19,29 @@ from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection, FrameProcessor, F
 
 
 class PipelineSource(FrameProcessor):
+    """Source processor that forwards frames to an upstream handler.
+
+    This processor acts as the entry point for a pipeline, forwarding
+    downstream frames to the next processor and upstream frames to a
+    provided upstream handler function.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, upstream_push_frame: Callable[[Frame, FrameDirection], Coroutine]):
+        """Initialize the pipeline source.
+
+        Args:
+            upstream_push_frame: Coroutine function to handle upstream frames.
+        """
         super().__init__()
         self._upstream_push_frame = upstream_push_frame
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        """Process frames and route them based on direction.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to process.
+            direction: The direction of frame flow.
+        """
         await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
 
         match direction:
@@ -27,11 +52,29 @@ class PipelineSource(FrameProcessor):
 
 
 class PipelineSink(FrameProcessor):
+    """Sink processor that forwards frames to a downstream handler.
+
+    This processor acts as the exit point for a pipeline, forwarding
+    upstream frames to the previous processor and downstream frames to a
+    provided downstream handler function.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, downstream_push_frame: Callable[[Frame, FrameDirection], Coroutine]):
+        """Initialize the pipeline sink.
+
+        Args:
+            downstream_push_frame: Coroutine function to handle downstream frames.
+        """
         super().__init__()
         self._downstream_push_frame = downstream_push_frame
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        """Process frames and route them based on direction.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to process.
+            direction: The direction of frame flow.
+        """
         await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
 
         match direction:
@@ -42,7 +85,19 @@ class PipelineSink(FrameProcessor):
 
 
 class Pipeline(BasePipeline):
+    """Main pipeline implementation that connects frame processors in sequence.
+
+    Creates a linear chain of frame processors with automatic source and sink
+    processors for external frame handling. Manages processor lifecycle and
+    provides metrics collection from contained processors.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, processors: List[FrameProcessor]):
+        """Initialize the pipeline with a list of processors.
+
+        Args:
+            processors: List of frame processors to connect in sequence.
+        """
         super().__init__()
 
         # Add a source and a sink queue so we can forward frames upstream and
@@ -58,6 +113,14 @@ class Pipeline(BasePipeline):
     #
 
     def processors_with_metrics(self):
+        """Return processors that can generate metrics.
+
+        Recursively collects all processors that support metrics generation,
+        including those from nested pipelines.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of frame processors that can generate metrics.
+        """
         services = []
         for p in self._processors:
             if isinstance(p, BasePipeline):
@@ -71,14 +134,26 @@ class Pipeline(BasePipeline):
     #
 
     async def setup(self, setup: FrameProcessorSetup):
+        """Set up the pipeline and all contained processors.
+
+        Args:
+            setup: Configuration for frame processor setup.
+        """
         await super().setup(setup)
         await self._setup_processors(setup)
 
     async def cleanup(self):
+        """Clean up the pipeline and all contained processors."""
         await super().cleanup()
         await self._cleanup_processors()
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        """Process frames by routing them through the pipeline.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to process.
+            direction: The direction of frame flow.
+        """
         await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
 
         if direction == FrameDirection.DOWNSTREAM:
@@ -87,14 +162,17 @@ class Pipeline(BasePipeline):
             await self._sink.queue_frame(frame, FrameDirection.UPSTREAM)
 
     async def _setup_processors(self, setup: FrameProcessorSetup):
+        """Set up all processors in the pipeline."""
         for p in self._processors:
             await p.setup(setup)
 
     async def _cleanup_processors(self):
+        """Clean up all processors in the pipeline."""
         for p in self._processors:
             await p.cleanup()
 
     def _link_processors(self):
+        """Link all processors in sequence and set their parent."""
         prev = self._processors[0]
         for curr in self._processors[1:]:
             prev.set_parent(self)

src/pipecat/pipeline/runner.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Pipeline runner for managing pipeline task execution.
+
+This module provides the PipelineRunner class that handles the execution
+of pipeline tasks with signal handling, garbage collection, and lifecycle
+management.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 import gc
 import signal
@@ -17,6 +24,13 @@ from pipecat.utils.base_object import BaseObject
 
 
 class PipelineRunner(BaseObject):
+    """Manages the execution of pipeline tasks with lifecycle and signal handling.
+
+    Provides a high-level interface for running pipeline tasks with automatic
+    signal handling (SIGINT/SIGTERM), optional garbage collection, and proper
+    cleanup of resources.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         *,
@@ -25,6 +39,14 @@ class PipelineRunner(BaseObject):
         force_gc: bool = False,
         loop: Optional[asyncio.AbstractEventLoop] = None,
     ):
+        """Initialize the pipeline runner.
+
+        Args:
+            name: Optional name for the runner instance.
+            handle_sigint: Whether to automatically handle SIGINT/SIGTERM signals.
+            force_gc: Whether to force garbage collection after task completion.
+            loop: Event loop to use. If None, uses the current running loop.
+        """
         super().__init__(name=name)
 
         self._tasks = {}
@@ -36,6 +58,11 @@ class PipelineRunner(BaseObject):
             self._setup_sigint()
 
     async def run(self, task: PipelineTask):
+        """Run a pipeline task to completion.
+
+        Args:
+            task: The pipeline task to execute.
+        """
         logger.debug(f"Runner {self} started running {task}")
         self._tasks[task.name] = task
         params = PipelineTaskParams(loop=self._loop)
@@ -56,27 +83,33 @@ class PipelineRunner(BaseObject):
         logger.debug(f"Runner {self} finished running {task}")
 
     async def stop_when_done(self):
+        """Schedule all running tasks to stop when their current processing is complete."""
         logger.debug(f"Runner {self} scheduled to stop when all tasks are done")
         await asyncio.gather(*[t.stop_when_done() for t in self._tasks.values()])
 
     async def cancel(self):
+        """Cancel all running tasks immediately."""
         logger.debug(f"Cancelling runner {self}")
         await asyncio.gather(*[t.cancel() for t in self._tasks.values()])
 
     def _setup_sigint(self):
+        """Set up signal handlers for graceful shutdown."""
         loop = asyncio.get_running_loop()
         loop.add_signal_handler(signal.SIGINT, lambda *args: self._sig_handler())
         loop.add_signal_handler(signal.SIGTERM, lambda *args: self._sig_handler())
 
     def _sig_handler(self):
+        """Handle interrupt signals by cancelling all tasks."""
         if not self._sig_task:
             self._sig_task = asyncio.create_task(self._sig_cancel())
 
     async def _sig_cancel(self):
+        """Cancel all running tasks due to signal interruption."""
         logger.warning(f"Interruption detected. Cancelling runner {self}")
         await self.cancel()
 
     def _gc_collect(self):
+        """Force garbage collection and log results."""
         collected = gc.collect()
         logger.debug(f"Garbage collector: collected {collected} objects.")
         logger.debug(f"Garbage collector: uncollectable objects {gc.garbage}")

src/pipecat/pipeline/sync_parallel_pipeline.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Synchronous parallel pipeline implementation for concurrent frame processing.
+
+This module provides a pipeline that processes frames through multiple parallel
+pipelines simultaneously, synchronizing their output to maintain frame ordering
+and prevent duplicate processing.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from itertools import chain
@@ -20,17 +27,38 @@ from pipecat.utils.asyncio.watchdog_queue import WatchdogQueue
 
 @dataclass
 class SyncFrame(ControlFrame):
-    """This frame is used to know when the internal pipelines have finished."""
+    """Control frame used to synchronize parallel pipeline processing.
+
+    This frame is sent through parallel pipelines to determine when the
+    internal pipelines have finished processing a batch of frames.
+    """
 
     pass
 
 
 class SyncParallelPipelineSource(FrameProcessor):
+    """Source processor for synchronous parallel pipeline processing.
+
+    Routes frames to parallel pipelines and collects upstream responses
+    for synchronization purposes.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, upstream_queue: asyncio.Queue):
+        """Initialize the sync parallel pipeline source.
+
+        Args:
+            upstream_queue: Queue for collecting upstream frames from the pipeline.
+        """
         super().__init__()
         self._up_queue = upstream_queue
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        """Process frames and route them based on direction.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to process.
+            direction: The direction of frame flow.
+        """
         await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
 
         match direction:
@@ -41,11 +69,28 @@ class SyncParallelPipelineSource(FrameProcessor):
 
 
 class SyncParallelPipelineSink(FrameProcessor):
+    """Sink processor for synchronous parallel pipeline processing.
+
+    Collects downstream frames from parallel pipelines and routes
+    upstream frames back through the pipeline.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, downstream_queue: asyncio.Queue):
+        """Initialize the sync parallel pipeline sink.
+
+        Args:
+            downstream_queue: Queue for collecting downstream frames from the pipeline.
+        """
         super().__init__()
         self._down_queue = downstream_queue
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        """Process frames and route them based on direction.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to process.
+            direction: The direction of frame flow.
+        """
         await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
 
         match direction:
@@ -56,7 +101,28 @@ class SyncParallelPipelineSink(FrameProcessor):
 
 
 class SyncParallelPipeline(BasePipeline):
+    """Pipeline that processes frames through multiple parallel pipelines synchronously.
+
+    Creates multiple parallel processing paths that all receive the same input frames
+    and produces synchronized output. Each parallel path is a separate pipeline that
+    processes frames independently, with synchronization points to ensure consistent
+    ordering and prevent duplicate frame processing.
+
+    The pipeline uses SyncFrame control frames to coordinate between parallel paths
+    and ensure all paths have completed processing before moving to the next frame.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, *args):
+        """Initialize the synchronous parallel pipeline.
+
+        Args:
+            *args: Variable number of processor lists, each representing a parallel pipeline path.
+                   Each argument should be a list of FrameProcessor instances.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If no arguments are provided.
+            TypeError: If any argument is not a list of processors.
+        """
         super().__init__()
 
         if len(args) == 0:
@@ -72,6 +138,11 @@ class SyncParallelPipeline(BasePipeline):
     #
 
     def processors_with_metrics(self) -> List[FrameProcessor]:
+        """Collect processors that can generate metrics from all parallel pipelines.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of frame processors that support metrics collection from all parallel paths.
+        """
         return list(chain.from_iterable(p.processors_with_metrics() for p in self._pipelines))
 
     #
@@ -79,6 +150,11 @@ class SyncParallelPipeline(BasePipeline):
     #
 
     async def setup(self, setup: FrameProcessorSetup):
+        """Set up the parallel pipeline and all contained processors.
+
+        Args:
+            setup: Configuration for frame processor setup.
+        """
         await super().setup(setup)
 
         self._up_queue = WatchdogQueue(setup.task_manager)
@@ -113,12 +189,23 @@ class SyncParallelPipeline(BasePipeline):
         await asyncio.gather(*[s["processor"].setup(setup) for s in self._sinks])
 
     async def cleanup(self):
+        """Clean up the parallel pipeline and all contained processors."""
         await super().cleanup()
         await asyncio.gather(*[s["processor"].cleanup() for s in self._sources])
         await asyncio.gather(*[p.cleanup() for p in self._pipelines])
         await asyncio.gather(*[s["processor"].cleanup() for s in self._sinks])
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        """Process frames through all parallel pipelines with synchronization.
+
+        Distributes frames to all parallel pipelines and synchronizes their output
+        to maintain proper ordering and prevent duplicate processing. Uses SyncFrame
+        control frames to coordinate between parallel paths.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to process.
+            direction: The direction of frame flow.
+        """
         await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
 
         # The last processor of each pipeline needs to be synchronous otherwise

src/pipecat/pipeline/task.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Pipeline task implementation for managing frame processing pipelines.
+
+This module provides the main PipelineTask class that orchestrates pipeline
+execution, frame routing, lifecycle management, and monitoring capabilities
+including heartbeats, idle detection, and observer integration.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 import time
 from collections import deque
@@ -53,12 +60,13 @@ HEARTBEAT_MONITOR_SECONDS = HEARTBEAT_SECONDS * 10
 
 
 class PipelineParams(BaseModel):
-    """Configuration parameters for pipeline execution. These parameters are
+    """Configuration parameters for pipeline execution.
-    usually passed to all frame processors using through `StartFrame`. For other
-    generic pipeline task parameters use `PipelineTask` constructor arguments
-    instead.
 
-    Attributes:
+    These parameters are usually passed to all frame processors through
+    StartFrame. For other generic pipeline task parameters use PipelineTask
+    constructor arguments instead.
+
+    Parameters:
         allow_interruptions: Whether to allow pipeline interruptions.
         audio_in_sample_rate: Input audio sample rate in Hz.
         audio_out_sample_rate: Output audio sample rate in Hz.
@@ -66,12 +74,11 @@ class PipelineParams(BaseModel):
         enable_metrics: Whether to enable metrics collection.
         enable_usage_metrics: Whether to enable usage metrics.
         heartbeats_period_secs: Period between heartbeats in seconds.
+        interruption_strategies: Strategies for bot interruption behavior.
         observers: [deprecated] Use `observers` arg in `PipelineTask` class.
         report_only_initial_ttfb: Whether to report only initial time to first byte.
         send_initial_empty_metrics: Whether to send initial empty metrics.
         start_metadata: Additional metadata for pipeline start.
-        interruption_strategies: Strategies for bot interruption behavior.
-
     """
 
     model_config = ConfigDict(arbitrary_types_allowed=True)
@@ -97,17 +104,25 @@ class PipelineTaskSource(FrameProcessor):
     pipeline given to the pipeline task. It allows us to easily push frames
     downstream to the pipeline and also receive upstream frames coming from the
     pipeline.
-
-    Args:
-        up_queue: Queue for upstream frame processing.
-
     """
 
     def __init__(self, up_queue: asyncio.Queue, **kwargs):
+        """Initialize the pipeline task source.
+
+        Args:
+            up_queue: Queue for upstream frame processing.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to the parent class.
+        """
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
         self._up_queue = up_queue
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        """Process frames and route them based on direction.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to process.
+            direction: The direction of frame flow.
+        """
         await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
 
         match direction:
@@ -123,16 +138,25 @@ class PipelineTaskSink(FrameProcessor):
     This is the sink processor that is linked at the end of the pipeline
     given to the pipeline task. It allows us to receive downstream frames and
     act on them, for example, waiting to receive an EndFrame.
-
-    Args:
-        down_queue: Queue for downstream frame processing.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, down_queue: asyncio.Queue, **kwargs):
+        """Initialize the pipeline task sink.
+
+        Args:
+            down_queue: Queue for downstream frame processing.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to the parent class.
+        """
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
         self._down_queue = down_queue
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        """Process frames and route them to the downstream queue.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to process.
+            direction: The direction of frame flow.
+        """
         await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
         await self._down_queue.put(frame)
 
@@ -140,69 +164,30 @@ class PipelineTaskSink(FrameProcessor):
 class PipelineTask(BasePipelineTask):
     """Manages the execution of a pipeline, handling frame processing and task lifecycle.
 
-    It has a couple of event handlers `on_frame_reached_upstream` and
+    This class orchestrates pipeline execution with comprehensive monitoring,
-    `on_frame_reached_downstream` that are called when upstream frames or
+    event handling, and lifecycle management. It provides event handlers for
-    downstream frames reach both ends of pipeline. By default, the events
+    various pipeline states and frame types, idle detection, heartbeat monitoring,
-    handlers will not be called unless some filters are set using
+    and observer integration.
-    `set_reached_upstream_filter` and `set_reached_downstream_filter`.
 
-       @task.event_handler("on_frame_reached_upstream")
+    Event handlers available:
-       async def on_frame_reached_upstream(task, frame):
-           ...
 
-       @task.event_handler("on_frame_reached_downstream")
+    - on_frame_reached_upstream: Called when upstream frames reach the source
-       async def on_frame_reached_downstream(task, frame):
+    - on_frame_reached_downstream: Called when downstream frames reach the sink
-           ...
+    - on_idle_timeout: Called when pipeline is idle beyond timeout threshold
+    - on_pipeline_started: Called when pipeline starts with StartFrame
+    - on_pipeline_stopped: Called when pipeline stops with StopFrame
+    - on_pipeline_ended: Called when pipeline ends with EndFrame
+    - on_pipeline_cancelled: Called when pipeline is cancelled
 
-    It also has an event handler that detects when the pipeline is idle. By
+    Example::
-    default, a pipeline is idle if no `BotSpeakingFrame` or
-    `LLMFullResponseEndFrame` are received within `idle_timeout_secs`.
 
-       @task.event_handler("on_idle_timeout")
+        @task.event_handler("on_frame_reached_upstream")
-       async def on_pipeline_idle_timeout(task):
+        async def on_frame_reached_upstream(task, frame):
-           ...
+            ...
 
-    There are also events to know if a pipeline has been started, stopped, ended
+        @task.event_handler("on_idle_timeout")
-    or cancelled.
+        async def on_pipeline_idle_timeout(task):
-
+            ...
-       @task.event_handler("on_pipeline_started")
-       async def on_pipeline_started(task, frame: StartFrame):
-           ...
-
-       @task.event_handler("on_pipeline_stopped")
-       async def on_pipeline_stopped(task, frame: StopFrame):
-           ...
-
-       @task.event_handler("on_pipeline_ended")
-       async def on_pipeline_ended(task, frame: EndFrame):
-           ...
-
-       @task.event_handler("on_pipeline_cancelled")
-       async def on_pipeline_cancelled(task, frame: CancelFrame):
-           ...
-
-    Args:
-        pipeline: The pipeline to execute.
-        params: Configuration parameters for the pipeline.
-        additional_span_attributes: Optional dictionary of attributes to propagate as
-            OpenTelemetry conversation span attributes.
-        cancel_on_idle_timeout: Whether the pipeline task should be cancelled if
-            the idle timeout is reached.
-        check_dangling_tasks: Whether to check for processors' tasks finishing properly.
-        clock: Clock implementation for timing operations.
-        conversation_id: Optional custom ID for the conversation.
-        enable_tracing: Whether to enable tracing.
-        enable_turn_tracking: Whether to enable turn tracking.
-        enable_watchdog_logging: Whether to print task processing times.
-        enable_watchdog_timers: Whether to enable task watchdog timers.
-        idle_timeout_frames: A tuple with the frames that should trigger an idle
-            timeout if not received withing `idle_timeout_seconds`.
-        idle_timeout_secs: Timeout (in seconds) to consider pipeline idle or
-            None. If a pipeline is idle the pipeline task will be cancelled
-            automatically.
-        observers: List of observers for monitoring pipeline execution.
-        watchdog_timeout_secs: Watchdog timer timeout (in seconds). A warning
-            will be logged if the watchdog timer is not reset before this timeout.
     """
 
     def __init__(
@@ -228,6 +213,32 @@ class PipelineTask(BasePipelineTask):
         task_manager: Optional[BaseTaskManager] = None,
         watchdog_timeout_secs: float = WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT,
     ):
+        """Initialize the PipelineTask.
+
+        Args:
+            pipeline: The pipeline to execute.
+            params: Configuration parameters for the pipeline.
+            additional_span_attributes: Optional dictionary of attributes to propagate as
+                OpenTelemetry conversation span attributes.
+            cancel_on_idle_timeout: Whether the pipeline task should be cancelled if
+                the idle timeout is reached.
+            check_dangling_tasks: Whether to check for processors' tasks finishing properly.
+            clock: Clock implementation for timing operations.
+            conversation_id: Optional custom ID for the conversation.
+            enable_tracing: Whether to enable tracing.
+            enable_turn_tracking: Whether to enable turn tracking.
+            enable_watchdog_logging: Whether to print task processing times.
+            enable_watchdog_timers: Whether to enable task watchdog timers.
+            idle_timeout_frames: A tuple with the frames that should trigger an idle
+                timeout if not received within `idle_timeout_seconds`.
+            idle_timeout_secs: Timeout (in seconds) to consider pipeline idle or
+                None. If a pipeline is idle the pipeline task will be cancelled
+                automatically.
+            observers: List of observers for monitoring pipeline execution.
+            task_manager: Optional task manager for handling asyncio tasks.
+            watchdog_timeout_secs: Watchdog timer timeout (in seconds). A warning
+                will be logged if the watchdog timer is not reset before this timeout.
+        """
         super().__init__()
         self._pipeline = pipeline
         self._params = params or PipelineParams()
@@ -331,60 +342,97 @@ class PipelineTask(BasePipelineTask):
 
     @property
     def params(self) -> PipelineParams:
-        """Returns the pipeline parameters of this task."""
+        """Get the pipeline parameters for this task.
+
+        Returns:
+            The pipeline parameters configuration.
+        """
         return self._params
 
     @property
     def turn_tracking_observer(self) -> Optional[TurnTrackingObserver]:
-        """Return the turn tracking observer if enabled."""
+        """Get the turn tracking observer if enabled.
+
+        Returns:
+            The turn tracking observer instance or None if not enabled.
+        """
         return self._turn_tracking_observer
 
     @property
     def turn_trace_observer(self) -> Optional[TurnTraceObserver]:
-        """Return the turn trace observer if enabled."""
+        """Get the turn trace observer if enabled.
+
+        Returns:
+            The turn trace observer instance or None if not enabled.
+        """
         return self._turn_trace_observer
 
     def add_observer(self, observer: BaseObserver):
+        """Add an observer to monitor pipeline execution.
+
+        Args:
+            observer: The observer to add to the pipeline monitoring.
+        """
         self._observer.add_observer(observer)
 
     async def remove_observer(self, observer: BaseObserver):
+        """Remove an observer from pipeline monitoring.
+
+        Args:
+            observer: The observer to remove from pipeline monitoring.
+        """
         await self._observer.remove_observer(observer)
 
     def set_reached_upstream_filter(self, types: Tuple[Type[Frame], ...]):
-        """Sets which frames will be checked before calling the
+        """Set which frame types trigger the on_frame_reached_upstream event.
-        on_frame_reached_upstream event handler.
 
+        Args:
+            types: Tuple of frame types to monitor for upstream events.
         """
         self._reached_upstream_types = types
 
     def set_reached_downstream_filter(self, types: Tuple[Type[Frame], ...]):
-        """Sets which frames will be checked before calling the
+        """Set which frame types trigger the on_frame_reached_downstream event.
-        on_frame_reached_downstream event handler.
 
+        Args:
+            types: Tuple of frame types to monitor for downstream events.
         """
         self._reached_downstream_types = types
 
     def has_finished(self) -> bool:
-        """Indicates whether the tasks has finished. That is, all processors
+        """Check if the pipeline task has finished execution.
+
+        This indicates whether the tasks has finished, meaninig all processors
         have stopped.
 
+        Returns:
+            True if all processors have stopped and the task is complete.
         """
         return self._finished
 
     async def stop_when_done(self):
-        """This is a helper function that sends an EndFrame to the pipeline in
+        """Schedule the pipeline to stop after processing all queued frames.
-        order to stop the task after everything in it has been processed.
 
+        Sends an EndFrame to gracefully terminate the pipeline once all
+        current processing is complete.
         """
         logger.debug(f"Task {self} scheduled to stop when done")
         await self.queue_frame(EndFrame())
 
     async def cancel(self):
-        """Stops the running pipeline immediately."""
+        """Immediately stop the running pipeline.
+
+        Cancels all running tasks and stops frame processing without
+        waiting for completion.
+        """
         await self._cancel()
 
     async def run(self, params: PipelineTaskParams):
-        """Starts and manages the pipeline execution until completion or cancellation."""
+        """Start and manage the pipeline execution until completion or cancellation.
+
+        Args:
+            params: Configuration parameters for pipeline execution.
+        """
         if self.has_finished():
             return
         cleanup_pipeline = True
@@ -440,6 +488,7 @@ class PipelineTask(BasePipelineTask):
                 await self.queue_frame(frame)
 
     async def _cancel(self):
+        """Internal cancellation logic for the pipeline task."""
         if not self._cancelled:
             logger.debug(f"Canceling pipeline task {self}")
             self._cancelled = True
@@ -453,6 +502,7 @@ class PipelineTask(BasePipelineTask):
                 self._process_push_task = None
 
     async def _create_tasks(self):
+        """Create and start all pipeline processing tasks."""
         self._process_up_task = self._task_manager.create_task(
             self._process_up_queue(), f"{self}::_process_up_queue"
         )
@@ -468,6 +518,7 @@ class PipelineTask(BasePipelineTask):
         return self._process_push_task
 
     def _maybe_start_heartbeat_tasks(self):
+        """Start heartbeat tasks if heartbeats are enabled and not already running."""
         if self._params.enable_heartbeats and self._heartbeat_push_task is None:
             self._heartbeat_push_task = self._task_manager.create_task(
                 self._heartbeat_push_handler(), f"{self}::_heartbeat_push_handler"
@@ -477,12 +528,14 @@ class PipelineTask(BasePipelineTask):
             )
 
     def _maybe_start_idle_task(self):
+        """Start idle monitoring task if idle timeout is configured."""
         if self._idle_timeout_secs:
             self._idle_monitor_task = self._task_manager.create_task(
                 self._idle_monitor_handler(), f"{self}::_idle_monitor_handler"
             )
 
     async def _cancel_tasks(self):
+        """Cancel all running pipeline tasks."""
         await self._observer.stop()
 
         if self._process_up_task:
@@ -497,6 +550,7 @@ class PipelineTask(BasePipelineTask):
         await self._maybe_cancel_idle_task()
 
     async def _maybe_cancel_heartbeat_tasks(self):
+        """Cancel heartbeat tasks if they are running."""
         if not self._params.enable_heartbeats:
             return
 
@@ -509,11 +563,13 @@ class PipelineTask(BasePipelineTask):
             self._heartbeat_monitor_task = None
 
     async def _maybe_cancel_idle_task(self):
+        """Cancel idle monitoring task if it is running."""
         if self._idle_timeout_secs and self._idle_monitor_task:
             await self._task_manager.cancel_task(self._idle_monitor_task)
             self._idle_monitor_task = None
 
     def _initial_metrics_frame(self) -> MetricsFrame:
+        """Create an initial metrics frame with zero values for all processors."""
         processors = self._pipeline.processors_with_metrics()
         data = []
         for p in processors:
@@ -522,10 +578,12 @@ class PipelineTask(BasePipelineTask):
         return MetricsFrame(data=data)
 
     async def _wait_for_pipeline_end(self):
+        """Wait for the pipeline to signal completion."""
         await self._pipeline_end_event.wait()
         self._pipeline_end_event.clear()
 
     async def _setup(self, params: PipelineTaskParams):
+        """Set up the pipeline task and all processors."""
         mgr_params = TaskManagerParams(
             loop=params.loop,
             enable_watchdog_logging=self._enable_watchdog_logging,
@@ -545,6 +603,7 @@ class PipelineTask(BasePipelineTask):
         await self._sink.setup(setup)
 
     async def _cleanup(self, cleanup_pipeline: bool):
+        """Clean up the pipeline task and processors."""
         # Cleanup base object.
         await self.cleanup()
 
@@ -559,10 +618,11 @@ class PipelineTask(BasePipelineTask):
         await self._sink.cleanup()
 
     async def _process_push_queue(self):
-        """This is the task that runs the pipeline for the first time by sending
+        """Process frames from the push queue and send them through the pipeline.
+
+        This is the task that runs the pipeline for the first time by sending
         a StartFrame and by pushing any other frames queued by the user. It runs
         until the tasks is cancelled or stopped (e.g. with an EndFrame).
-
         """
         self._clock.start()
 
@@ -596,11 +656,12 @@ class PipelineTask(BasePipelineTask):
         await self._cleanup(cleanup_pipeline)
 
     async def _process_up_queue(self):
-        """This is the task that processes frames coming upstream from the
+        """Process frames coming upstream from the pipeline.
+
+        This is the task that processes frames coming upstream from the
         pipeline. These frames might indicate, for example, that we want the
         pipeline to be stopped (e.g. EndTaskFrame) in which case we would send
         an EndFrame down the pipeline.
-
         """
         while True:
             frame = await self._up_queue.get()
@@ -629,11 +690,12 @@ class PipelineTask(BasePipelineTask):
             self._up_queue.task_done()
 
     async def _process_down_queue(self):
-        """This tasks process frames coming downstream from the pipeline. For
+        """Process frames coming downstream from the pipeline.
+
+        This tasks process frames coming downstream from the pipeline. For
         example, heartbeat frames or an EndFrame which would indicate all
         processors have handled the EndFrame and therefore we can exit the task
         cleanly.
-
         """
         while True:
             frame = await self._down_queue.get()
@@ -664,7 +726,7 @@ class PipelineTask(BasePipelineTask):
             self._down_queue.task_done()
 
     async def _heartbeat_push_handler(self):
-        """This tasks pushes a heartbeat frame every heartbeat period."""
+        """Push heartbeat frames at regular intervals."""
         while True:
             # Don't use `queue_frame()` because if an EndFrame is queued the
             # task will just stop waiting for the pipeline to finish not
@@ -673,11 +735,12 @@ class PipelineTask(BasePipelineTask):
             await asyncio.sleep(self._params.heartbeats_period_secs)
 
     async def _heartbeat_monitor_handler(self):
-        """This tasks monitors heartbeat frames. If a heartbeat frame has not
+        """Monitor heartbeat frames for processing time and timeout detection.
+
+        This task monitors heartbeat frames. If a heartbeat frame has not
         been received for a long period a warning will be logged. It also logs
         the time that a heartbeat frame takes to processes, that is how long it
         takes for the heartbeat frame to traverse all the pipeline.
-
         """
         wait_time = HEARTBEAT_MONITOR_SECONDS
         while True:
@@ -692,9 +755,12 @@ class PipelineTask(BasePipelineTask):
                 )
 
     async def _idle_monitor_handler(self):
-        """This tasks monitors activity in the pipeline. If no frames are
+        """Monitor pipeline activity and detect idle conditions.
-        received (heartbeats don't count) the pipeline is considered idle.
 
+        Tracks frame activity and triggers idle timeout events when the
+        pipeline hasn't received relevant frames within the timeout period.
+
+        Note: Heartbeats are excluded from idle detection.
         """
         running = True
         last_frame_time = 0
@@ -732,10 +798,13 @@ class PipelineTask(BasePipelineTask):
                 running = await self._idle_timeout_detected(frame_buffer)
 
     async def _idle_timeout_detected(self, last_frames: Deque[Frame]) -> bool:
-        """Logic for when the pipeline is idle.
+        """Handle idle timeout detection and optional cancellation.
+
+        Args:
+            last_frames: Recent frames received before timeout for debugging.
 
         Returns:
-            bool: Whther the pipeline task is being cancelled or not.
+            Whether the pipeline task should continue running.
         """
         logger.warning("Idle timeout detected. Last 10 frames received:")
         for i, frame in enumerate(last_frames, 1):
@@ -749,6 +818,7 @@ class PipelineTask(BasePipelineTask):
         return True
 
     def _print_dangling_tasks(self):
+        """Log any dangling tasks that haven't been properly cleaned up."""
         tasks = [t.get_name() for t in self._task_manager.current_tasks()]
         if tasks:
             logger.warning(f"Dangling tasks detected: {tasks}")

src/pipecat/pipeline/task_observer.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Task observer for managing pipeline frame observers.
+
+This module provides a proxy observer system that manages multiple observers
+for pipeline frame events, ensuring that observer processing doesn't block
+the main pipeline execution.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 import inspect
 from typing import Dict, List, Optional
@@ -17,9 +24,15 @@ from pipecat.utils.asyncio.watchdog_queue import WatchdogQueue
 
 @dataclass
 class Proxy:
-    """This is the data we receive from the main observer and that we put into
+    """Proxy data for managing observer tasks and queues.
-    a queue for later processing.
 
+    This represents is the data received from the main observer that
+    is queued for later processing.
+
+    Parameters:
+        queue: Queue for frame data awaiting observer processing.
+        task: Asyncio task running the observer's frame processing loop.
+        observer: The actual observer instance being proxied.
     """
 
     queue: asyncio.Queue
@@ -28,7 +41,9 @@ class Proxy:
 
 
 class TaskObserver(BaseObserver):
-    """This is a pipeline frame observer that is meant to be used as a proxy to
+    """Proxy observer that manages multiple observers without blocking the pipeline.
+
+    This is a pipeline frame observer that is meant to be used as a proxy to
     the user provided observers. That is, this is the observer that should be
     passed to the frame processors. Then, every time a frame is pushed this
     observer will call all the observers registered to the pipeline task.
@@ -37,7 +52,6 @@ class TaskObserver(BaseObserver):
     pipeline by creating a queue and a task for each user observer. When a frame
     is received, it will be put in a queue for efficiency and later processed by
     each task.
-
     """
 
     def __init__(
@@ -47,6 +61,13 @@ class TaskObserver(BaseObserver):
         task_manager: BaseTaskManager,
         **kwargs,
     ):
+        """Initialize the TaskObserver.
+
+        Args:
+            observers: List of observers to manage. Defaults to empty list.
+            task_manager: Task manager for creating and managing observer tasks.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to the base observer.
+        """
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
         self._observers = observers or []
         self._task_manager = task_manager
@@ -55,6 +76,11 @@ class TaskObserver(BaseObserver):
         )
 
     def add_observer(self, observer: BaseObserver):
+        """Add a new observer to the managed list.
+
+        Args:
+            observer: The observer to add.
+        """
         # Add the observer to the list.
         self._observers.append(observer)
 
@@ -65,6 +91,11 @@ class TaskObserver(BaseObserver):
             self._proxies[observer] = proxy
 
     async def remove_observer(self, observer: BaseObserver):
+        """Remove an observer and clean up its resources.
+
+        Args:
+            observer: The observer to remove.
+        """
         # If the observer has a proxy, remove it.
         if observer in self._proxies:
             proxy = self._proxies[observer]
@@ -78,11 +109,11 @@ class TaskObserver(BaseObserver):
             self._observers.remove(observer)
 
     async def start(self):
-        """Starts all proxy observer tasks."""
+        """Start all proxy observer tasks."""
         self._proxies = self._create_proxies(self._observers)
 
     async def stop(self):
-        """Stops all proxy observer tasks."""
+        """Stop all proxy observer tasks."""
         if not self._proxies:
             return
 
@@ -90,13 +121,20 @@ class TaskObserver(BaseObserver):
             await self._task_manager.cancel_task(proxy.task)
 
     async def on_push_frame(self, data: FramePushed):
+        """Queue frame data for all managed observers.
+
+        Args:
+            data: The frame push event data to distribute to observers.
+        """
         for proxy in self._proxies.values():
             await proxy.queue.put(data)
 
     def _started(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the task observer has been started."""
         return self._proxies is not None
 
     def _create_proxy(self, observer: BaseObserver) -> Proxy:
+        """Create a proxy for a single observer."""
         queue = WatchdogQueue(self._task_manager)
         task = self._task_manager.create_task(
             self._proxy_task_handler(queue, observer),
@@ -106,6 +144,7 @@ class TaskObserver(BaseObserver):
         return proxy
 
     def _create_proxies(self, observers: List[BaseObserver]) -> Dict[BaseObserver, Proxy]:
+        """Create proxies for all observers."""
         proxies = {}
         for observer in observers:
             proxy = self._create_proxy(observer)
@@ -113,6 +152,7 @@ class TaskObserver(BaseObserver):
         return proxies
 
     async def _proxy_task_handler(self, queue: asyncio.Queue, observer: BaseObserver):
+        """Handle frame processing for a single observer."""
         warning_reported = False
         while True:
             data = await queue.get()

src/pipecat/pipeline/to_be_updated/merge_pipeline.py

@@ -1,3 +1,16 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2024–2025, Daily
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
+#
+
+"""Sequential pipeline merging for Pipecat.
+
+This module provides a pipeline implementation that sequentially merges
+the output from multiple pipelines, processing them one after another
+in a specified order.
+"""
+
 from typing import List
 
 from pipecat.frames.frames import EndFrame, EndPipeFrame
@@ -5,14 +18,31 @@ from pipecat.pipeline.pipeline import Pipeline
 
 
 class SequentialMergePipeline(Pipeline):
-    """This class merges the sink queues from a list of pipelines. Frames from
+    """Pipeline that sequentially merges output from multiple pipelines.
-    each pipeline's sink are merged in the order of pipelines in the list."""
+
+    This pipeline merges the sink queues from a list of pipelines by processing
+    frames from each pipeline's sink sequentially in the order specified. Each
+    pipeline runs to completion before the next one begins processing.
+    """
 
     def __init__(self, pipelines: List[Pipeline]):
+        """Initialize the sequential merge pipeline.
+
+        Args:
+            pipelines: List of pipelines to merge sequentially. Pipelines will
+                      be processed in the order they appear in this list.
+        """
         super().__init__([])
         self.pipelines = pipelines
 
     async def run_pipeline(self):
+        """Run all pipelines sequentially and merge their output.
+
+        Processes each pipeline in order, consuming all frames from each
+        pipeline's sink until an EndFrame or EndPipeFrame is encountered,
+        then moves to the next pipeline. After all pipelines complete,
+        sends a final EndFrame to signal completion.
+        """
         for idx, pipeline in enumerate(self.pipelines):
             while True:
                 frame = await pipeline.sink.get()

src/pipecat/processors/aggregators/dtmf_aggregator.py

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ class DTMFAggregator(FrameProcessor):
 
     The aggregator accumulates digits from InputDTMFFrame instances and flushes
     when:
+
     - Timeout occurs (configurable idle period)
     - Termination digit is received (default: '#')
     - EndFrame or CancelFrame is received

src/pipecat/processors/aggregators/llm_response.py

@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ class LLMFullResponseAggregator(FrameProcessor):
     the complete response via an event handler.
 
     The aggregator provides an "on_completion" event that fires when a full
-    completion is available:
+    completion is available::
 
         @aggregator.event_handler("on_completion")
         async def on_completion(
@@ -363,6 +363,7 @@ class LLMUserContextAggregator(LLMContextResponseAggregator):
 
     This aggregator handles the complex logic of aggregating user speech transcriptions
     from STT services. It manages multiple scenarios including:
+
     - Transcriptions received between VAD events
     - Transcriptions received outside VAD events
     - Interim vs final transcriptions
@@ -654,6 +655,7 @@ class LLMAssistantContextAggregator(LLMContextResponseAggregator):
     """Assistant LLM aggregator that processes bot responses and function calls.
 
     This aggregator handles the complex logic of processing assistant responses including:
+
     - Text frame aggregation between response start/end markers
     - Function call lifecycle management
     - Context updates with timestamps

src/pipecat/processors/aggregators/openai_llm_context.py

@@ -210,9 +210,10 @@ class OpenAILLMContext:
     def from_standard_message(self, message):
         """Convert from OpenAI message format to OpenAI message format (passthrough).
 
-        OpenAI's format allows both simple string content and structured content:
+        OpenAI's format allows both simple string content and structured content::
-        - Simple: {"role": "user", "content": "Hello"}
+
-        - Structured: {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "text", "text": "Hello"}]}
+            Simple: {"role": "user", "content": "Hello"}
+            Structured: {"role": "user", "content": [{"type": "text", "text": "Hello"}]}
 
         Since OpenAI is our standard format, this is a passthrough function.
 

src/pipecat/processors/audio/audio_buffer_processor.py

@@ -39,17 +39,19 @@ class AudioBufferProcessor(FrameProcessor):
     including sample rate conversion and mono/stereo output.
 
     Events:
-        on_audio_data: Triggered when buffer_size is reached, providing merged audio
+
-        on_track_audio_data: Triggered when buffer_size is reached, providing separate tracks
+    - on_audio_data: Triggered when buffer_size is reached, providing merged audio
-        on_user_turn_audio_data: Triggered when user turn has ended, providing that user turn's audio
+    - on_track_audio_data: Triggered when buffer_size is reached, providing separate tracks
-        on_bot_turn_audio_data: Triggered when bot turn has ended, providing that bot turn's audio
+    - on_user_turn_audio_data: Triggered when user turn has ended, providing that user turn's audio
+    - on_bot_turn_audio_data: Triggered when bot turn has ended, providing that bot turn's audio
 
     Audio handling:
-        - Mono output (num_channels=1): User and bot audio are mixed
+
-        - Stereo output (num_channels=2): User audio on left, bot audio on right
+    - Mono output (num_channels=1): User and bot audio are mixed
-        - Automatic resampling of incoming audio to match desired sample_rate
+    - Stereo output (num_channels=2): User audio on left, bot audio on right
-        - Silence insertion for non-continuous audio streams
+    - Automatic resampling of incoming audio to match desired sample_rate
-        - Buffer synchronization between user and bot audio
+    - Silence insertion for non-continuous audio streams
+    - Buffer synchronization between user and bot audio
     """
 
     def __init__(

src/pipecat/processors/transcript_processor.py

@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ class AssistantTranscriptProcessor(BaseTranscriptProcessor):
 
     This processor aggregates TTS text frames into complete utterances and emits them as
     transcript messages. Utterances are completed when:
+
     - The bot stops speaking (BotStoppedSpeakingFrame)
     - The bot is interrupted (StartInterruptionFrame)
     - The pipeline ends (EndFrame)
@@ -108,34 +109,34 @@ class AssistantTranscriptProcessor(BaseTranscriptProcessor):
         TTS services with different formatting patterns.
 
         Examples:
-            Fragments with embedded spacing (concatenated):
+            Fragments with embedded spacing (concatenated)::
-                ```
+
                 TTSTextFrame: ["Hello"]
                 TTSTextFrame: [" there"]  # Leading space
                 TTSTextFrame: ["!"]
                 TTSTextFrame: [" How"]    # Leading space
                 TTSTextFrame: ["'s"]
                 TTSTextFrame: [" it"]     # Leading space
-                ```
+
                 Result: "Hello there! How's it"
 
-            Fragments with trailing spaces (concatenated):
+            Fragments with trailing spaces (concatenated)::
-                ```
+
                 TTSTextFrame: ["Hel"]
                 TTSTextFrame: ["lo "]     # Trailing space
                 TTSTextFrame: ["to "]     # Trailing space
                 TTSTextFrame: ["you"]
-                ```
+
                 Result: "Hello to you"
 
-            Word-by-word fragments without spacing (joined with spaces):
+            Word-by-word fragments without spacing (joined with spaces)::
-                ```
+
                 TTSTextFrame: ["Hello"]
                 TTSTextFrame: ["there"]
                 TTSTextFrame: ["how"]
                 TTSTextFrame: ["are"]
                 TTSTextFrame: ["you"]
-                ```
+
                 Result: "Hello there how are you"
         """
         if self._current_text_parts and self._aggregation_start_time:
@@ -179,6 +180,7 @@ class AssistantTranscriptProcessor(BaseTranscriptProcessor):
         """Process frames into assistant conversation messages.
 
         Handles different frame types:
+
         - TTSTextFrame: Aggregates text for current utterance
         - BotStoppedSpeakingFrame: Completes current utterance
         - StartInterruptionFrame: Completes current utterance due to interruption
@@ -221,8 +223,8 @@ class TranscriptProcessor:
     Provides unified access to user and assistant transcript processors
     with shared event handling.
 
-    Example:
+    Example::
-        ```python
+
         transcript = TranscriptProcessor()
 
         pipeline = Pipeline(
@@ -242,7 +244,6 @@ class TranscriptProcessor:
         @transcript.event_handler("on_transcript_update")
         async def handle_update(processor, frame):
             print(f"New messages: {frame.messages}")
-        ```
     """
 
     def __init__(self):

src/pipecat/processors/user_idle_processor.py

@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ class UserIdleProcessor(FrameProcessor):
     users become idle. It starts monitoring only after the first conversation
     activity and supports both basic and retry-based callback patterns.
 
-    Example:
+    Example::
-        ```
+
         # Retry callback:
         async def handle_idle(processor: "UserIdleProcessor", retry_count: int) -> bool:
             if retry_count < 3:
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ class UserIdleProcessor(FrameProcessor):
             callback=handle_idle,
             timeout=5.0
         )
-        ```
     """
 
     def __init__(
@@ -61,11 +60,10 @@ class UserIdleProcessor(FrameProcessor):
         """Initialize the user idle processor.
 
         Args:
-            callback: Function to call when user is idle. Can be either:
+            callback: Function to call when user is idle. Can be either a basic
-                - Basic callback(processor) -> None
+                callback taking only the processor, or a retry callback taking
-                - Retry callback(processor, retry_count) -> bool
+                the processor and retry count. Retry callbacks should return
-                  Return True to continue monitoring for idle events,
+                True to continue monitoring or False to stop.
-                  Return False to stop the idle monitoring task
             timeout: Seconds to wait before considering user idle.
             **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to FrameProcessor.
         """

src/pipecat/serializers/base_serializer.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Frame serialization interfaces for Pipecat."""
+
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from enum import Enum
 
@@ -11,23 +13,63 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import Frame, StartFrame
 
 
 class FrameSerializerType(Enum):
+    """Enumeration of supported frame serialization formats.
+
+    Parameters:
+        BINARY: Binary serialization format for compact representation.
+        TEXT: Text-based serialization format for human-readable output.
+    """
+
     BINARY = "binary"
     TEXT = "text"
 
 
 class FrameSerializer(ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for frame serialization implementations.
+
+    Defines the interface for converting frames to/from serialized formats
+    for transmission or storage. Subclasses must implement serialization
+    type detection and the core serialize/deserialize methods.
+    """
+
     @property
     @abstractmethod
     def type(self) -> FrameSerializerType:
+        """Get the serialization type supported by this serializer.
+
+        Returns:
+            The FrameSerializerType indicating binary or text format.
+        """
         pass
 
     async def setup(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Initialize the serializer with startup configuration.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: StartFrame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def serialize(self, frame: Frame) -> str | bytes | None:
+        """Convert a frame to its serialized representation.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to serialize.
+
+        Returns:
+            Serialized frame data as string, bytes, or None if serialization fails.
+        """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def deserialize(self, data: str | bytes) -> Frame | None:
+        """Convert serialized data back to a frame object.
+
+        Args:
+            data: Serialized frame data as string or bytes.
+
+        Returns:
+            Reconstructed Frame object, or None if deserialization fails.
+        """
         pass

src/pipecat/serializers/exotel.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Exotel Media Streams serializer for Pipecat."""
+
 import base64
 import json
 from typing import Optional
@@ -33,13 +35,14 @@ class ExotelFrameSerializer(FrameSerializer):
     media streams protocol. It supports audio conversion, DTMF events, and automatic
     call termination.
 
-    Ref Doc for events - https://support.exotel.com/support/solutions/articles/3000108630-working-with-the-stream-and-voicebot-applet
+    Note: Ref docs for events:
+        https://support.exotel.com/support/solutions/articles/3000108630-working-with-the-stream-and-voicebot-applet
     """
 
     class InputParams(BaseModel):
         """Configuration parameters for ExotelFrameSerializer.
 
-        Attributes:
+        Parameters:
             exotel_sample_rate: Sample rate used by Exotel, defaults to 8000 Hz.
             sample_rate: Optional override for pipeline input sample rate.
         """

src/pipecat/serializers/livekit.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""LiveKit frame serializer for Pipecat."""
+
 import ctypes
 import pickle
 
@@ -21,11 +23,33 @@ except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
 
 
 class LivekitFrameSerializer(FrameSerializer):
+    """Serializer for converting between Pipecat frames and LiveKit audio frames.
+
+    This serializer handles the conversion of Pipecat's OutputAudioRawFrame objects
+    to LiveKit AudioFrame objects for transmission, and the reverse conversion
+    for received audio data.
+    """
+
     @property
     def type(self) -> FrameSerializerType:
+        """Get the serializer type.
+
+        Returns:
+            The serializer type indicating binary serialization.
+        """
         return FrameSerializerType.BINARY
 
     async def serialize(self, frame: Frame) -> str | bytes | None:
+        """Serialize a Pipecat frame to LiveKit AudioFrame format.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The Pipecat frame to serialize. Only OutputAudioRawFrame
+                  instances are supported.
+
+        Returns:
+            Pickled LiveKit AudioFrame bytes if frame is OutputAudioRawFrame,
+            None otherwise.
+        """
         if not isinstance(frame, OutputAudioRawFrame):
             return None
         audio_frame = AudioFrame(
@@ -37,6 +61,15 @@ class LivekitFrameSerializer(FrameSerializer):
         return pickle.dumps(audio_frame)
 
     async def deserialize(self, data: str | bytes) -> Frame | None:
+        """Deserialize LiveKit AudioFrame data to a Pipecat frame.
+
+        Args:
+            data: Pickled data containing a LiveKit AudioFrame.
+
+        Returns:
+            InputAudioRawFrame containing the deserialized audio data,
+            or None if deserialization fails.
+        """
         audio_frame: AudioFrame = pickle.loads(data)["frame"]
         return InputAudioRawFrame(
             audio=bytes(audio_frame.data),

src/pipecat/serializers/plivo.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Plivo WebSocket frame serializer for audio streaming."""
+
 import base64
 import json
 from typing import Optional
@@ -38,22 +40,12 @@ class PlivoFrameSerializer(FrameSerializer):
     When auto_hang_up is enabled (default), the serializer will automatically terminate
     the Plivo call when an EndFrame or CancelFrame is processed, but requires Plivo
     credentials to be provided.
-
-    Attributes:
-        _stream_id: The Plivo Stream ID.
-        _call_id: The associated Plivo Call ID.
-        _auth_id: Plivo auth ID for API access.
-        _auth_token: Plivo authentication token for API access.
-        _params: Configuration parameters.
-        _plivo_sample_rate: Sample rate used by Plivo (typically 8kHz).
-        _sample_rate: Input sample rate for the pipeline.
-        _resampler: Audio resampler for format conversion.
     """
 
     class InputParams(BaseModel):
         """Configuration parameters for PlivoFrameSerializer.
 
-        Attributes:
+        Parameters:
             plivo_sample_rate: Sample rate used by Plivo, defaults to 8000 Hz.
             sample_rate: Optional override for pipeline input sample rate.
             auto_hang_up: Whether to automatically terminate call on EndFrame.

src/pipecat/serializers/protobuf.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Protobuf frame serialization for Pipecat."""
+
 import dataclasses
 import json
 
@@ -22,13 +24,25 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
 from pipecat.serializers.base_serializer import FrameSerializer, FrameSerializerType
 
 
-# Data class for converting transport messages into Protobuf format.
 @dataclasses.dataclass
 class MessageFrame:
+    """Data class for converting transport messages into Protobuf format.
+
+    Parameters:
+        data: JSON-encoded message data for transport.
+    """
+
     data: str
 
 
 class ProtobufFrameSerializer(FrameSerializer):
+    """Serializer for converting Pipecat frames to/from Protocol Buffer format.
+
+    Provides efficient binary serialization for frame transport over network
+    connections. Supports text, audio, transcription, and message frames with
+    automatic conversion between transport message types.
+    """
+
     SERIALIZABLE_TYPES = {
         TextFrame: "text",
         OutputAudioRawFrame: "audio",
@@ -46,13 +60,27 @@ class ProtobufFrameSerializer(FrameSerializer):
     DESERIALIZABLE_FIELDS = {v: k for k, v in DESERIALIZABLE_TYPES.items()}
 
     def __init__(self):
+        """Initialize the Protobuf frame serializer."""
         pass
 
     @property
     def type(self) -> FrameSerializerType:
+        """Get the serializer type.
+
+        Returns:
+            FrameSerializerType.BINARY indicating binary serialization format.
+        """
         return FrameSerializerType.BINARY
 
     async def serialize(self, frame: Frame) -> str | bytes | None:
+        """Serialize a frame to Protocol Buffer binary format.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to serialize.
+
+        Returns:
+            Serialized frame as bytes, or None if frame type is not serializable.
+        """
         # Wrapping this messages as a JSONFrame to send
         if isinstance(frame, (TransportMessageFrame, TransportMessageUrgentFrame)):
             frame = MessageFrame(
@@ -75,6 +103,14 @@ class ProtobufFrameSerializer(FrameSerializer):
         return proto_frame.SerializeToString()
 
     async def deserialize(self, data: str | bytes) -> Frame | None:
+        """Deserialize Protocol Buffer binary data to a frame.
+
+        Args:
+            data: Binary protobuf data to deserialize.
+
+        Returns:
+            Deserialized frame instance, or None if deserialization fails.
+        """
         proto = frame_protos.Frame.FromString(data)
         which = proto.WhichOneof("frame")
         if which not in self.DESERIALIZABLE_FIELDS:

src/pipecat/serializers/telnyx.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Telnyx WebSocket frame serializer for Pipecat."""
+
 import base64
 import json
 from typing import Optional
@@ -43,22 +45,12 @@ class TelnyxFrameSerializer(FrameSerializer):
     When auto_hang_up is enabled (default), the serializer will automatically terminate
     the Telnyx call when an EndFrame or CancelFrame is processed, but requires Telnyx
     credentials to be provided.
-
-    Attributes:
-        _stream_id: The Telnyx Stream ID.
-        _call_control_id: The associated Telnyx Call Control ID.
-        _api_key: Telnyx API key for API access.
-        _params: Configuration parameters.
-        _telnyx_sample_rate: Sample rate used by Telnyx (typically 8kHz).
-        _sample_rate: Input sample rate for the pipeline.
-        _resampler: Audio resampler for format conversion.
-        _hangup_attempted: Flag to track if hang-up has been attempted.
     """
 
     class InputParams(BaseModel):
         """Configuration parameters for TelnyxFrameSerializer.
 
-        Attributes:
+        Parameters:
             telnyx_sample_rate: Sample rate used by Telnyx, defaults to 8000 Hz.
             sample_rate: Optional override for pipeline input sample rate.
             inbound_encoding: Audio encoding for data sent to Telnyx (e.g., "PCMU").

src/pipecat/serializers/twilio.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Twilio Media Streams WebSocket protocol serializer for Pipecat."""
+
 import base64
 import json
 from typing import Optional
@@ -38,22 +40,12 @@ class TwilioFrameSerializer(FrameSerializer):
     When auto_hang_up is enabled (default), the serializer will automatically terminate
     the Twilio call when an EndFrame or CancelFrame is processed, but requires Twilio
     credentials to be provided.
-
-    Attributes:
-        _stream_sid: The Twilio Media Stream SID.
-        _call_sid: The associated Twilio Call SID.
-        _account_sid: Twilio account SID for API access.
-        _auth_token: Twilio authentication token for API access.
-        _params: Configuration parameters.
-        _twilio_sample_rate: Sample rate used by Twilio (typically 8kHz).
-        _sample_rate: Input sample rate for the pipeline.
-        _resampler: Audio resampler for format conversion.
     """
 
     class InputParams(BaseModel):
         """Configuration parameters for TwilioFrameSerializer.
 
-        Attributes:
+        Parameters:
             twilio_sample_rate: Sample rate used by Twilio, defaults to 8000 Hz.
             sample_rate: Optional override for pipeline input sample rate.
             auto_hang_up: Whether to automatically terminate call on EndFrame.

src/pipecat/services/anthropic/llm.py

@@ -538,20 +538,37 @@ class AnthropicLLMContext(OpenAILLMContext):
         Handles text content and function calls for both user and assistant messages.
 
         Args:
-            obj: Message in Anthropic format:
+            obj: Message in Anthropic format.
-                {
-                    "role": "user/assistant",
-                    "content": str | [{"type": "text/tool_use/tool_result", ...}]
-                }
 
         Returns:
-            List of messages in standard format:
+            List of messages in standard format.
-            [
+
+        Examples:
+            Input Anthropic format::
+
                 {
-                    "role": "user/assistant/tool",
+                    "role": "assistant",
-                    "content": [{"type": "text", "text": str}]
+                    "content": [
+                        {"type": "text", "text": "Hello"},
+                        {"type": "tool_use", "id": "123", "name": "search", "input": {"q": "test"}}
+                    ]
                 }
-            ]
+
+            Output standard format::
+
+                [
+                    {"role": "assistant", "content": [{"type": "text", "text": "Hello"}]},
+                    {
+                        "role": "assistant",
+                        "tool_calls": [
+                            {
+                                "type": "function",
+                                "id": "123",
+                                "function": {"name": "search", "arguments": '{"q": "test"}'}
+                            }
+                        ]
+                    }
+                ]
         """
         # todo: image format (?)
         # tool_use
@@ -613,23 +630,37 @@ class AnthropicLLMContext(OpenAILLMContext):
         Empty text content is converted to "(empty)".
 
         Args:
-            message: Message in standard format:
+            message: Message in standard format.
-                {
-                    "role": "user/assistant/tool",
-                    "content": str | [{"type": "text", ...}],
-                    "tool_calls": [{"id": str, "function": {"name": str, "arguments": str}}]
-                }
 
         Returns:
-            Message in Anthropic format:
+            Message in Anthropic format.
-            {
+
-                "role": "user/assistant",
+        Examples:
-                "content": str | [
+            Input standard format::
-                    {"type": "text", "text": str} |
+
-                    {"type": "tool_use", "id": str, "name": str, "input": dict} |
+                {
-                    {"type": "tool_result", "tool_use_id": str, "content": str}
+                    "role": "assistant",
-                ]
+                    "tool_calls": [
-            }
+                        {
+                            "id": "123",
+                            "function": {"name": "search", "arguments": '{"q": "test"}'}
+                        }
+                    ]
+                }
+
+            Output Anthropic format::
+
+                {
+                    "role": "assistant",
+                    "content": [
+                        {
+                            "type": "tool_use",
+                            "id": "123",
+                            "name": "search",
+                            "input": {"q": "test"}
+                        }
+                    ]
+                }
         """
         # todo: image messages (?)
         if message["role"] == "tool":

src/pipecat/services/aws/llm.py

@@ -207,20 +207,37 @@ class AWSBedrockLLMContext(OpenAILLMContext):
         Handles text content and function calls for both user and assistant messages.
 
         Args:
-            obj: Message in AWS Bedrock format:
+            obj: Message in AWS Bedrock format.
-                {
-                    "role": "user/assistant",
-                    "content": [{"text": str} | {"toolUse": {...}} | {"toolResult": {...}}]
-                }
 
         Returns:
-            List of messages in standard format:
+            List of messages in standard format.
-            [
+
+        Examples:
+            AWS Bedrock format input::
+
                 {
-                    "role": "user/assistant/tool",
+                    "role": "assistant",
-                    "content": [{"type": "text", "text": str}]
+                    "content": [
+                        {"text": "Hello"},
+                        {"toolUse": {"toolUseId": "123", "name": "search", "input": {"q": "test"}}}
+                    ]
                 }
-            ]
+
+            Standard format output::
+
+                [
+                    {"role": "assistant", "content": [{"type": "text", "text": "Hello"}]},
+                    {
+                        "role": "assistant",
+                        "tool_calls": [
+                            {
+                                "type": "function",
+                                "id": "123",
+                                "function": {"name": "search", "arguments": '{"q": "test"}'}
+                            }
+                        ]
+                    }
+                ]
         """
         role = obj.get("role")
         content = obj.get("content")
@@ -294,23 +311,38 @@ class AWSBedrockLLMContext(OpenAILLMContext):
         Empty text content is converted to "(empty)".
 
         Args:
-            message: Message in standard format:
+            message: Message in standard format.
-                {
-                    "role": "user/assistant/tool",
-                    "content": str | [{"type": "text", ...}],
-                    "tool_calls": [{"id": str, "function": {"name": str, "arguments": str}}]
-                }
 
         Returns:
-            Message in AWS Bedrock format:
+            Message in AWS Bedrock format.
-            {
+
-                "role": "user/assistant",
+        Examples:
-                "content": [
+            Standard format input::
-                    {"text": str} |
+
-                    {"toolUse": {"toolUseId": str, "name": str, "input": dict}} |
+                {
-                    {"toolResult": {"toolUseId": str, "content": [...], "status": str}}
+                    "role": "assistant",
-                ]
+                    "tool_calls": [
-            }
+                        {
+                            "id": "123",
+                            "function": {"name": "search", "arguments": '{"q": "test"}'}
+                        }
+                    ]
+                }
+
+            AWS Bedrock format output::
+
+                {
+                    "role": "assistant",
+                    "content": [
+                        {
+                            "toolUse": {
+                                "toolUseId": "123",
+                                "name": "search",
+                                "input": {"q": "test"}
+                            }
+                        }
+                    ]
+                }
         """
         if message["role"] == "tool":
             # Try to parse the content as JSON if it looks like JSON

src/pipecat/services/aws/utils.py

@@ -39,10 +39,8 @@ def get_presigned_url(
 
     Args:
         region: AWS region for the service.
-        credentials: Dictionary containing AWS credentials with keys:
+        credentials: Dictionary containing AWS credentials. Must include
-            - access_key: AWS access key ID
+            'access_key' and 'secret_key', with optional 'session_token'.
-            - secret_key: AWS secret access key
-            - session_token: AWS session token (optional)
         language_code: Language code for transcription (e.g., "en-US").
         media_encoding: Audio encoding format. Defaults to "pcm".
         sample_rate: Audio sample rate in Hz. Defaults to 16000.
@@ -325,9 +323,10 @@ def decode_event(message):
         message: Raw event stream message bytes received from AWS.
 
     Returns:
-        Tuple containing:
+        A tuple of (headers, payload) where:
-        - Dictionary of parsed headers
+
-        - Dictionary of parsed JSON payload
+        - headers: Dictionary of parsed headers
+        - payload: Dictionary of parsed JSON payload
 
     Raises:
         AssertionError: If CRC checksum verification fails.

src/pipecat/services/elevenlabs/tts.py

@@ -764,21 +764,23 @@ class ElevenLabsHttpTTSService(WordTTSService):
     def calculate_word_times(self, alignment_info: Mapping[str, Any]) -> List[Tuple[str, float]]:
         """Calculate word timing from character alignment data.
 
-        Example input data:
-        {
-            "characters": [" ", "H", "e", "l", "l", "o", " ", "w", "o", "r", "l", "d"],
-            "character_start_times_seconds": [0.0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9],
-            "character_end_times_seconds": [0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0]
-        }
-
-        Would produce word times (with cumulative_time=0):
-        [("Hello", 0.1), ("world", 0.5)]
-
         Args:
             alignment_info: Character timing data from ElevenLabs.
 
         Returns:
             List of (word, timestamp) pairs.
+
+        Example input data::
+
+            {
+                "characters": [" ", "H", "e", "l", "l", "o", " ", "w", "o", "r", "l", "d"],
+                "character_start_times_seconds": [0.0, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9],
+                "character_end_times_seconds": [0.1, 0.15, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0]
+            }
+
+        Would produce word times (with cumulative_time=0)::
+
+            [("Hello", 0.1), ("world", 0.5)]
         """
         chars = alignment_info.get("characters", [])
         char_start_times = alignment_info.get("character_start_times_seconds", [])

src/pipecat/services/google/google.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Google services module for Pipecat."""
+
 import sys
 
 from pipecat.services import DeprecatedModuleProxy

src/pipecat/services/google/llm.py

@@ -380,18 +380,48 @@ class GoogleLLMContext(OpenAILLMContext):
         System messages are stored separately and return None.
 
         Args:
-            message: Message in standard format:
+            message: Message in standard format.
-                {
-                    "role": "user/assistant/system/tool",
-                    "content": str | [{"type": "text/image_url", ...}] | None,
-                    "tool_calls": [{"function": {"name": str, "arguments": str}}]
-                }
 
         Returns:
-            Content object with:
+            Content object with role and parts, or None for system messages.
-                - role: "user" or "model" (converted from "assistant")
+
-                - parts: List[Part] containing text, inline_data, or function calls
+        Examples:
-            Returns None for system messages.
+            Standard text message::
+
+                {
+                    "role": "user",
+                    "content": "Hello there"
+                }
+
+            Converts to Google Content with::
+
+                Content(
+                    role="user",
+                    parts=[Part(text="Hello there")]
+                )
+
+            Standard function call message::
+
+                {
+                    "role": "assistant",
+                    "tool_calls": [
+                        {
+                            "function": {
+                                "name": "search",
+                                "arguments": '{"query": "test"}'
+                            }
+                        }
+                    ]
+                }
+
+            Converts to Google Content with::
+
+                Content(
+                    role="model",
+                    parts=[Part(function_call=FunctionCall(name="search", args={"query": "test"}))]
+                )
+
+            System message returns None and stores content in self.system_message.
         """
         role = message["role"]
         content = message.get("content", [])
@@ -447,21 +477,73 @@ class GoogleLLMContext(OpenAILLMContext):
         Handles text, images, and function calls from Google's Content/Part objects.
 
         Args:
-            obj: Google Content object with:
+            obj: Google Content object with role and parts.
-                - role: "model" (converted to "assistant") or "user"
-                - parts: List[Part] containing text, inline_data, or function calls
 
         Returns:
-            List of messages in standard format:
+            List containing a single message in standard format.
-            [
+
-                {
+        Examples:
-                    "role": "user/assistant/tool",
+            Google Content with text::
-                    "content": [
+
-                        {"type": "text", "text": str} |
+                Content(
-                        {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": str}}
+                    role="user",
-                    ]
+                    parts=[Part(text="Hello")]
-                }
+                )
-            ]
+
+            Converts to::
+
+                [
+                    {
+                        "role": "user",
+                        "content": [{"type": "text", "text": "Hello"}]
+                    }
+                ]
+
+            Google Content with function call::
+
+                Content(
+                    role="model",
+                    parts=[Part(function_call=FunctionCall(name="search", args={"q": "test"}))]
+                )
+
+            Converts to::
+
+                [
+                    {
+                        "role": "assistant",
+                        "tool_calls": [
+                            {
+                                "id": "search",
+                                "type": "function",
+                                "function": {
+                                    "name": "search",
+                                    "arguments": '{"q": "test"}'
+                                }
+                            }
+                        ]
+                    }
+                ]
+
+            Google Content with image::
+
+                Content(
+                    role="user",
+                    parts=[Part(inline_data=Blob(mime_type="image/jpeg", data=bytes_data))]
+                )
+
+            Converts to::
+
+                [
+                    {
+                        "role": "user",
+                        "content": [
+                            {
+                                "type": "image_url",
+                                "image_url": {"url": "data:image/jpeg;base64,<encoded_data>"}
+                            }
+                        ]
+                    }
+                ]
         """
         msg = {"role": obj.role, "content": []}
         if msg["role"] == "model":

src/pipecat/services/google/tts.py

@@ -471,8 +471,8 @@ class GoogleTTSService(TTSService):
         default application credentials (GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS env var).
         Only Chirp 3 HD and Journey voices are supported. Use GoogleHttpTTSService for other voices.
 
-    Example:
+    Example::
-        ```python
+
         tts = GoogleTTSService(
             credentials_path="/path/to/service-account.json",
             voice_id="en-US-Chirp3-HD-Charon",
@@ -480,7 +480,6 @@ class GoogleTTSService(TTSService):
                 language=Language.EN_US,
             )
         )
-        ```
     """
 
     class InputParams(BaseModel):

src/pipecat/services/llm_service.py

@@ -128,13 +128,14 @@ class LLMService(AIService):
     parallel and sequential execution modes. Provides event handlers for
     completion timeouts and function call lifecycle events.
 
-    Event handlers:
+    The service supports the following event handlers:
-        on_completion_timeout: Called when an LLM completion timeout occurs.
+
-        on_function_calls_started: Called when function calls are received and
+    - on_completion_timeout: Called when an LLM completion timeout occurs
-            execution is about to start.
+    - on_function_calls_started: Called when function calls are received and
+      execution is about to start
+
+    Example::
 
-    Example:
-        ```python
         @task.event_handler("on_completion_timeout")
         async def on_completion_timeout(service):
             logger.warning("LLM completion timed out")
@@ -142,7 +143,6 @@ class LLMService(AIService):
         @task.event_handler("on_function_calls_started")
         async def on_function_calls_started(service, function_calls):
             logger.info(f"Starting {len(function_calls)} function calls")
-        ```
     """
 
     # OpenAILLMAdapter is used as the default adapter since it aligns with most LLM implementations.

src/pipecat/services/openai_realtime_beta/openai.py

@@ -639,6 +639,7 @@ class OpenAIRealtimeBetaLLMService(LLMService):
         """Maybe handle an error event related to retrieving a conversation item.
 
         If the given error event is an error retrieving a conversation item:
+
         - set an exception on the future that retrieve_conversation_item() is waiting on
         - return true
         Otherwise:

src/pipecat/services/sarvam/tts.py

@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ class SarvamTTSService(TTSService):
     Indian languages. Provides control over voice characteristics like pitch, pace,
     and loudness.
 
-    Example:
+    Example::
-        ```python
+
         tts = SarvamTTSService(
             api_key="your-api-key",
             voice_id="anushka",
@@ -72,7 +72,6 @@ class SarvamTTSService(TTSService):
                 pace=1.2
             )
         )
-        ```
     """
 
     class InputParams(BaseModel):

src/pipecat/services/tavus/video.py

@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ class TavusVideoService(AIService):
     are routed through Pipecat's media pipeline.
 
     In use cases with DailyTransport, this creates two distinct virtual rooms:
+
     - Tavus room: Contains the Tavus Avatar and the Pipecat Bot
     - User room: Contains the Pipecat Bot and the user
     """

src/pipecat/services/tts_service.py

@@ -549,12 +549,11 @@ class WebsocketTTSService(TTSService, WebsocketService):
     Event handlers:
         on_connection_error: Called when a websocket connection error occurs.
 
-    Example:
+    Example::
-        ```python
+
         @tts.event_handler("on_connection_error")
         async def on_connection_error(tts: TTSService, error: str):
             logger.error(f"TTS connection error: {error}")
-        ```
     """
 
     def __init__(self, *, reconnect_on_error: bool = True, **kwargs):
@@ -622,12 +621,11 @@ class WebsocketWordTTSService(WordTTSService, WebsocketService):
     Event handlers:
         on_connection_error: Called when a websocket connection error occurs.
 
-    Example:
+    Example::
-        ```python
+
         @tts.event_handler("on_connection_error")
         async def on_connection_error(tts: TTSService, error: str):
             logger.error(f"TTS connection error: {error}")
-        ```
     """
 
     def __init__(self, *, reconnect_on_error: bool = True, **kwargs):

src/pipecat/sync/base_notifier.py

@@ -4,14 +4,33 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Base notifier interface for Pipecat."""
+
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 
 
 class BaseNotifier(ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for notification mechanisms.
+
+    Provides a standard interface for implementing notification and waiting
+    patterns used for event coordination and signaling between components
+    in the Pipecat framework.
+    """
+
     @abstractmethod
     async def notify(self):
+        """Send a notification signal.
+
+        Implementations should trigger any waiting coroutines or processes
+        that are blocked on this notifier.
+        """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def wait(self):
+        """Wait for a notification signal.
+
+        Implementations should block until a notification is received
+        from the corresponding notify() call.
+        """
         pass

src/pipecat/sync/event_notifier.py

@@ -4,18 +4,42 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Event-based notifier implementation using asyncio Event primitives."""
+
 import asyncio
 
 from pipecat.sync.base_notifier import BaseNotifier
 
 
 class EventNotifier(BaseNotifier):
+    """Event-based notifier using asyncio.Event for task synchronization.
+
+    Provides a simple notification mechanism where one task can signal
+    an event and other tasks can wait for that event to occur. The event
+    is automatically cleared after each wait operation.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self):
+        """Initialize the event notifier.
+
+        Creates an internal asyncio.Event for managing notifications.
+        """
         self._event = asyncio.Event()
 
     async def notify(self):
+        """Signal the event to notify waiting tasks.
+
+        Sets the internal event, causing any tasks waiting on this
+        notifier to be awakened.
+        """
         self._event.set()
 
     async def wait(self):
+        """Wait for the event to be signaled.
+
+        Blocks until another task calls notify(). Automatically clears
+        the event after being awakened so subsequent calls will wait
+        for the next notification.
+        """
         await self._event.wait()
         self._event.clear()

src/pipecat/tests/utils.py

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Testing utilities for Pipecat pipeline components."""
+
 import asyncio
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any, Awaitable, Callable, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple
@@ -24,15 +26,27 @@ from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection, FrameProcessor
 
 @dataclass
 class SleepFrame(SystemFrame):
-    """This frame is used by test framework to introduce some sleep time before
+    """A system frame that introduces a sleep delay in the test pipeline.
-    the next frame is pushed. This is useful to control system frames vs data or
+
-    control frames.
+    This frame is used by the test framework to control timing between
+    frame processing, allowing tests to separate system frames from
+    data or control frames.
+
+    Parameters:
+        sleep: Duration to sleep in seconds before processing the next frame.
     """
 
     sleep: float = 0.1
 
 
 class HeartbeatsObserver(BaseObserver):
+    """Observer that monitors heartbeat frames from a specific processor.
+
+    This observer watches for HeartbeatFrames from a target processor and
+    invokes a callback when they are detected, useful for testing timing
+    and lifecycle events.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         *,
@@ -40,11 +54,23 @@ class HeartbeatsObserver(BaseObserver):
         heartbeat_callback: Callable[[FrameProcessor, HeartbeatFrame], Awaitable[None]],
         **kwargs,
     ):
+        """Initialize the heartbeats observer.
+
+        Args:
+            target: The frame processor to monitor for heartbeat frames.
+            heartbeat_callback: Async callback function to invoke when heartbeats are detected.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to the parent observer.
+        """
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
         self._target = target
         self._callback = heartbeat_callback
 
     async def on_push_frame(self, data: FramePushed):
+        """Handle frame push events and detect heartbeats from target processor.
+
+        Args:
+            data: The frame push event data containing source and frame information.
+        """
         src = data.source
         frame = data.frame
 
@@ -53,6 +79,13 @@ class HeartbeatsObserver(BaseObserver):
 
 
 class QueuedFrameProcessor(FrameProcessor):
+    """A processor that captures frames in a queue for testing purposes.
+
+    This processor intercepts frames flowing in a specific direction and
+    stores them in a queue for later inspection during testing, while
+    still allowing the frames to continue through the pipeline.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         *,
@@ -60,12 +93,25 @@ class QueuedFrameProcessor(FrameProcessor):
         queue_direction: FrameDirection,
         ignore_start: bool = True,
     ):
+        """Initialize the queued frame processor.
+
+        Args:
+            queue: The asyncio queue to store captured frames.
+            queue_direction: The direction of frames to capture (UPSTREAM or DOWNSTREAM).
+            ignore_start: Whether to ignore StartFrames when capturing.
+        """
         super().__init__()
         self._queue = queue
         self._queue_direction = queue_direction
         self._ignore_start = ignore_start
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        """Process frames and capture them in the queue if they match the direction.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to process.
+            direction: The direction the frame is flowing.
+        """
         await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
 
         if direction == self._queue_direction:
@@ -85,6 +131,28 @@ async def run_test(
     start_metadata: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
     send_end_frame: bool = True,
 ) -> Tuple[Sequence[Frame], Sequence[Frame]]:
+    """Run a test pipeline with the specified processor and validate frame flow.
+
+    This function creates a test pipeline with the given processor, sends the
+    specified frames through it, and validates that the expected frames are
+    received in both upstream and downstream directions.
+
+    Args:
+        processor: The frame processor to test.
+        frames_to_send: Sequence of frames to send through the processor.
+        expected_down_frames: Expected frame types flowing downstream (optional).
+        expected_up_frames: Expected frame types flowing upstream (optional).
+        ignore_start: Whether to ignore StartFrames in frame validation.
+        observers: Optional list of observers to attach to the pipeline.
+        start_metadata: Optional metadata to include with the StartFrame.
+        send_end_frame: Whether to send an EndFrame at the end of the test.
+
+    Returns:
+        Tuple containing (downstream_frames, upstream_frames) that were received.
+
+    Raises:
+        AssertionError: If the received frames don't match the expected frame types.
+    """
     observers = observers or []
     start_metadata = start_metadata or {}
 

src/pipecat/transports/base_input.py

@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Base input transport implementation for Pipecat.
+
+This module provides the BaseInputTransport class which handles audio and video
+input processing, including VAD, turn analysis, and interruption management.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
 from typing import Optional
@@ -47,7 +53,20 @@ AUDIO_INPUT_TIMEOUT_SECS = 0.5
 
 
 class BaseInputTransport(FrameProcessor):
+    """Base class for input transport implementations.
+
+    Handles audio and video input processing including Voice Activity Detection,
+    turn analysis, audio filtering, and user interaction management. Supports
+    interruption handling and provides hooks for transport-specific implementations.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, params: TransportParams, **kwargs):
+        """Initialize the base input transport.
+
+        Args:
+            params: Transport configuration parameters.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to parent class.
+        """
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
         self._params = params
@@ -115,25 +134,54 @@ class BaseInputTransport(FrameProcessor):
             self._params.video_out_color_format = self._params.camera_out_color_format
 
     def enable_audio_in_stream_on_start(self, enabled: bool) -> None:
+        """Enable or disable audio streaming on transport start.
+
+        Args:
+            enabled: Whether to start audio streaming immediately on transport start.
+        """
         logger.debug(f"Enabling audio on start. {enabled}")
         self._params.audio_in_stream_on_start = enabled
 
     async def start_audio_in_streaming(self):
+        """Start audio input streaming.
+
+        Override in subclasses to implement transport-specific audio streaming.
+        """
         pass
 
     @property
     def sample_rate(self) -> int:
+        """Get the current audio sample rate.
+
+        Returns:
+            The sample rate in Hz.
+        """
         return self._sample_rate
 
     @property
     def vad_analyzer(self) -> Optional[VADAnalyzer]:
+        """Get the Voice Activity Detection analyzer.
+
+        Returns:
+            The VAD analyzer instance if configured, None otherwise.
+        """
         return self._params.vad_analyzer
 
     @property
     def turn_analyzer(self) -> Optional[BaseTurnAnalyzer]:
+        """Get the turn-taking analyzer.
+
+        Returns:
+            The turn analyzer instance if configured, None otherwise.
+        """
         return self._params.turn_analyzer
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the input transport and initialize components.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         self._paused = False
         self._user_speaking = False
 
@@ -152,6 +200,11 @@ class BaseInputTransport(FrameProcessor):
             await self._params.audio_in_filter.start(self._sample_rate)
 
     async def stop(self, frame: EndFrame):
+        """Stop the input transport and cleanup resources.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The end frame signaling transport shutdown.
+        """
         # Cancel and wait for the audio input task to finish.
         await self._cancel_audio_task()
         # Stop audio filter.
@@ -159,6 +212,11 @@ class BaseInputTransport(FrameProcessor):
             await self._params.audio_in_filter.stop()
 
     async def pause(self, frame: StopFrame):
+        """Pause the input transport temporarily.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The stop frame signaling transport pause.
+        """
         self._paused = True
         # Cancel task so we clear the queue
         await self._cancel_audio_task()
@@ -166,19 +224,38 @@ class BaseInputTransport(FrameProcessor):
         self._create_audio_task()
 
     async def cancel(self, frame: CancelFrame):
+        """Cancel the input transport and stop all processing.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The cancel frame signaling immediate cancellation.
+        """
         # Cancel and wait for the audio input task to finish.
         await self._cancel_audio_task()
 
     async def set_transport_ready(self, frame: StartFrame):
-        """To be called when the transport is ready to stream."""
+        """Called when the transport is ready to stream.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         # Create audio input queue and task if needed.
         self._create_audio_task()
 
     async def push_video_frame(self, frame: InputImageRawFrame):
+        """Push a video frame downstream if video input is enabled.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The input video frame to process.
+        """
         if self._params.video_in_enabled and not self._paused:
             await self.push_frame(frame)
 
     async def push_audio_frame(self, frame: InputAudioRawFrame):
+        """Push an audio frame to the processing queue if audio input is enabled.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The input audio frame to process.
+        """
         if self._params.audio_in_enabled and not self._paused:
             await self._audio_in_queue.put(frame)
 
@@ -187,6 +264,12 @@ class BaseInputTransport(FrameProcessor):
     #
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        """Process incoming frames and handle transport-specific logic.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to process.
+            direction: The direction of frame flow in the pipeline.
+        """
         await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
 
         # Specific system frames
@@ -238,12 +321,14 @@ class BaseInputTransport(FrameProcessor):
     #
 
     async def _handle_bot_interruption(self, frame: BotInterruptionFrame):
+        """Handle bot interruption frames."""
         logger.debug("Bot interruption")
         if self.interruptions_allowed:
             await self._start_interruption()
             await self.push_frame(StartInterruptionFrame())
 
     async def _handle_user_interruption(self, frame: Frame):
+        """Handle user interruption events based on speaking state."""
         if isinstance(frame, UserStartedSpeakingFrame):
             logger.debug("User started speaking")
             self._user_speaking = True
@@ -281,9 +366,11 @@ class BaseInputTransport(FrameProcessor):
     #
 
     async def _handle_bot_started_speaking(self, frame: BotStartedSpeakingFrame):
+        """Update bot speaking state when bot starts speaking."""
         self._bot_speaking = True
 
     async def _handle_bot_stopped_speaking(self, frame: BotStoppedSpeakingFrame):
+        """Update bot speaking state when bot stops speaking."""
         self._bot_speaking = False
 
     #
@@ -291,16 +378,19 @@ class BaseInputTransport(FrameProcessor):
     #
 
     def _create_audio_task(self):
+        """Create the audio processing task if audio input is enabled."""
         if not self._audio_task and self._params.audio_in_enabled:
             self._audio_in_queue = asyncio.Queue()
             self._audio_task = self.create_task(self._audio_task_handler())
 
     async def _cancel_audio_task(self):
+        """Cancel and cleanup the audio processing task."""
         if self._audio_task:
             await self.cancel_task(self._audio_task)
             self._audio_task = None
 
     async def _vad_analyze(self, audio_frame: InputAudioRawFrame) -> VADState:
+        """Analyze audio frame for voice activity."""
         state = VADState.QUIET
         if self.vad_analyzer:
             state = await self.get_event_loop().run_in_executor(
@@ -309,6 +399,7 @@ class BaseInputTransport(FrameProcessor):
         return state
 
     async def _handle_vad(self, audio_frame: InputAudioRawFrame, vad_state: VADState):
+        """Handle Voice Activity Detection results and generate appropriate frames."""
         new_vad_state = await self._vad_analyze(audio_frame)
         if (
             new_vad_state != vad_state
@@ -339,18 +430,21 @@ class BaseInputTransport(FrameProcessor):
         return vad_state
 
     async def _handle_end_of_turn(self):
+        """Handle end-of-turn analysis and generate prediction results."""
         if self.turn_analyzer:
             state, prediction = await self.turn_analyzer.analyze_end_of_turn()
             await self._handle_prediction_result(prediction)
             await self._handle_end_of_turn_complete(state)
 
     async def _handle_end_of_turn_complete(self, state: EndOfTurnState):
+        """Handle completion of end-of-turn analysis."""
         if state == EndOfTurnState.COMPLETE:
             await self._handle_user_interruption(UserStoppedSpeakingFrame())
 
     async def _run_turn_analyzer(
         self, frame: InputAudioRawFrame, vad_state: VADState, previous_vad_state: VADState
     ):
+        """Run turn analysis on audio frame and handle results."""
         is_speech = vad_state == VADState.SPEAKING or vad_state == VADState.STARTING
         # If silence exceeds threshold, we are going to receive EndOfTurnState.COMPLETE
         end_of_turn_state = self._params.turn_analyzer.append_audio(frame.audio, is_speech)
@@ -361,6 +455,7 @@ class BaseInputTransport(FrameProcessor):
             await self._handle_end_of_turn()
 
     async def _audio_task_handler(self):
+        """Main audio processing task handler for VAD and turn analysis."""
         vad_state: VADState = VADState.QUIET
         while True:
             try:
@@ -399,9 +494,5 @@ class BaseInputTransport(FrameProcessor):
                 self.reset_watchdog()
 
     async def _handle_prediction_result(self, result: MetricsData):
-        """Handle a prediction result event from the turn analyzer.
+        """Handle a prediction result event from the turn analyzer."""
-
-        Args:
-            result: The prediction result MetricsData.
-        """
         await self.push_frame(MetricsFrame(data=[result]))

src/pipecat/transports/base_output.py

@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Base output transport implementation for Pipecat.
+
+This module provides the BaseOutputTransport class which handles audio and video
+output processing, including frame buffering, mixing, timing, and media streaming.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 import itertools
 import sys
@@ -46,7 +52,20 @@ BOT_VAD_STOP_SECS = 0.35
 
 
 class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
+    """Base class for output transport implementations.
+
+    Handles audio and video output processing including frame buffering, audio mixing,
+    timing coordination, and media streaming. Supports multiple output destinations
+    and provides interruption handling for real-time communication.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, params: TransportParams, **kwargs):
+        """Initialize the base output transport.
+
+        Args:
+            params: Transport configuration parameters.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to parent class.
+        """
         super().__init__(**kwargs)
 
         self._params = params
@@ -67,13 +86,28 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
 
     @property
     def sample_rate(self) -> int:
+        """Get the current audio sample rate.
+
+        Returns:
+            The sample rate in Hz.
+        """
         return self._sample_rate
 
     @property
     def audio_chunk_size(self) -> int:
+        """Get the audio chunk size for output processing.
+
+        Returns:
+            The size of audio chunks in bytes.
+        """
         return self._audio_chunk_size
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the output transport and initialize components.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         self._sample_rate = self._params.audio_out_sample_rate or frame.audio_out_sample_rate
 
         # We will write 10ms*CHUNKS of audio at a time (where CHUNKS is the
@@ -83,15 +117,29 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
         self._audio_chunk_size = audio_bytes_10ms * self._params.audio_out_10ms_chunks
 
     async def stop(self, frame: EndFrame):
+        """Stop the output transport and cleanup resources.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The end frame signaling transport shutdown.
+        """
         for _, sender in self._media_senders.items():
             await sender.stop(frame)
 
     async def cancel(self, frame: CancelFrame):
+        """Cancel the output transport and stop all processing.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The cancel frame signaling immediate cancellation.
+        """
         for _, sender in self._media_senders.items():
             await sender.cancel(frame)
 
     async def set_transport_ready(self, frame: StartFrame):
-        """To be called when the transport is ready to stream."""
+        """Called when the transport is ready to stream.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         # Register destinations.
         for destination in self._params.audio_out_destinations:
             await self.register_audio_destination(destination)
@@ -127,27 +175,67 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
             await self._media_senders[destination].start(frame)
 
     async def send_message(self, frame: TransportMessageFrame | TransportMessageUrgentFrame):
+        """Send a transport message.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The transport message frame to send.
+        """
         pass
 
     async def register_video_destination(self, destination: str):
+        """Register a video output destination.
+
+        Args:
+            destination: The destination identifier to register.
+        """
         pass
 
     async def register_audio_destination(self, destination: str):
+        """Register an audio output destination.
+
+        Args:
+            destination: The destination identifier to register.
+        """
         pass
 
     async def write_video_frame(self, frame: OutputImageRawFrame):
+        """Write a video frame to the transport.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The output video frame to write.
+        """
         pass
 
     async def write_audio_frame(self, frame: OutputAudioRawFrame):
+        """Write an audio frame to the transport.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The output audio frame to write.
+        """
         pass
 
     async def write_dtmf(self, frame: OutputDTMFFrame | OutputDTMFUrgentFrame):
+        """Write a DTMF tone to the transport.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The DTMF frame to write.
+        """
         pass
 
     async def send_audio(self, frame: OutputAudioRawFrame):
+        """Send an audio frame downstream.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The audio frame to send.
+        """
         await self.queue_frame(frame, FrameDirection.DOWNSTREAM)
 
     async def send_image(self, frame: OutputImageRawFrame | SpriteFrame):
+        """Send an image frame downstream.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The image frame to send.
+        """
         await self.queue_frame(frame, FrameDirection.DOWNSTREAM)
 
     #
@@ -155,6 +243,12 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
     #
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        """Process incoming frames and handle transport-specific logic.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to process.
+            direction: The direction of frame flow in the pipeline.
+        """
         await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
 
         #
@@ -200,6 +294,7 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
             await self._handle_frame(frame)
 
     async def _handle_frame(self, frame: Frame):
+        """Handle frames by routing them to appropriate media senders."""
         if frame.transport_destination not in self._media_senders:
             logger.warning(
                 f"{self} destination [{frame.transport_destination}] not registered for frame {frame}"
@@ -226,6 +321,12 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
     #
 
     class MediaSender:
+        """Handles media streaming for a specific destination.
+
+        Manages audio and video output processing including buffering, timing,
+        mixing, and frame delivery for a single output destination.
+        """
+
         def __init__(
             self,
             transport: "BaseOutputTransport",
@@ -235,6 +336,15 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
             audio_chunk_size: int,
             params: TransportParams,
         ):
+            """Initialize the media sender.
+
+            Args:
+                transport: The parent transport instance.
+                destination: The destination identifier for this sender.
+                sample_rate: The audio sample rate in Hz.
+                audio_chunk_size: The size of audio chunks in bytes.
+                params: Transport configuration parameters.
+            """
             self._transport = transport
             self._destination = destination
             self._sample_rate = sample_rate
@@ -266,13 +376,28 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
 
         @property
         def sample_rate(self) -> int:
+            """Get the audio sample rate.
+
+            Returns:
+                The sample rate in Hz.
+            """
             return self._sample_rate
 
         @property
         def audio_chunk_size(self) -> int:
+            """Get the audio chunk size.
+
+            Returns:
+                The size of audio chunks in bytes.
+            """
             return self._audio_chunk_size
 
         async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+            """Start the media sender and initialize components.
+
+            Args:
+                frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+            """
             self._audio_buffer = bytearray()
 
             # Create all tasks.
@@ -293,6 +418,11 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
                 await self._mixer.start(self._sample_rate)
 
         async def stop(self, frame: EndFrame):
+            """Stop the media sender and cleanup resources.
+
+            Args:
+                frame: The end frame signaling sender shutdown.
+            """
             # Let the sink tasks process the queue until they reach this EndFrame.
             await self._clock_queue.put((sys.maxsize, frame.id, frame))
             await self._audio_queue.put(frame)
@@ -314,12 +444,22 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
             await self._cancel_video_task()
 
         async def cancel(self, frame: CancelFrame):
+            """Cancel the media sender and stop all processing.
+
+            Args:
+                frame: The cancel frame signaling immediate cancellation.
+            """
             # Since we are cancelling everything it doesn't matter what task we cancel first.
             await self._cancel_audio_task()
             await self._cancel_clock_task()
             await self._cancel_video_task()
 
         async def handle_interruptions(self, _: StartInterruptionFrame):
+            """Handle interruption events by restarting tasks and clearing buffers.
+
+            Args:
+                _: The start interruption frame (unused).
+            """
             if not self._transport.interruptions_allowed:
                 return
 
@@ -335,6 +475,11 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
             await self._bot_stopped_speaking()
 
         async def handle_audio_frame(self, frame: OutputAudioRawFrame):
+            """Handle incoming audio frames by buffering and chunking.
+
+            Args:
+                frame: The output audio frame to handle.
+            """
             if not self._params.audio_out_enabled:
                 return
 
@@ -357,6 +502,11 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
                 self._audio_buffer = self._audio_buffer[self._audio_chunk_size :]
 
         async def handle_image_frame(self, frame: OutputImageRawFrame | SpriteFrame):
+            """Handle incoming image frames for video output.
+
+            Args:
+                frame: The output image or sprite frame to handle.
+            """
             if not self._params.video_out_enabled:
                 return
 
@@ -368,12 +518,27 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
                 await self._set_video_images(frame.images)
 
         async def handle_timed_frame(self, frame: Frame):
+            """Handle frames with presentation timestamps.
+
+            Args:
+                frame: The frame with timing information to handle.
+            """
             await self._clock_queue.put((frame.pts, frame.id, frame))
 
         async def handle_sync_frame(self, frame: Frame):
+            """Handle frames that need synchronized processing.
+
+            Args:
+                frame: The frame to handle synchronously.
+            """
             await self._audio_queue.put(frame)
 
         async def handle_mixer_control_frame(self, frame: MixerControlFrame):
+            """Handle audio mixer control frames.
+
+            Args:
+                frame: The mixer control frame to handle.
+            """
             if self._mixer:
                 await self._mixer.process_frame(frame)
 
@@ -382,16 +547,19 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
         #
 
         def _create_audio_task(self):
+            """Create the audio processing task."""
             if not self._audio_task:
                 self._audio_queue = asyncio.Queue()
                 self._audio_task = self._transport.create_task(self._audio_task_handler())
 
         async def _cancel_audio_task(self):
+            """Cancel and cleanup the audio processing task."""
             if self._audio_task:
                 await self._transport.cancel_task(self._audio_task)
                 self._audio_task = None
 
         async def _bot_started_speaking(self):
+            """Handle bot started speaking event."""
             if not self._bot_speaking:
                 logger.debug(
                     f"Bot{f' [{self._destination}]' if self._destination else ''} started speaking"
@@ -407,6 +575,7 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
                 self._bot_speaking = True
 
         async def _bot_stopped_speaking(self):
+            """Handle bot stopped speaking event."""
             if self._bot_speaking:
                 logger.debug(
                     f"Bot{f' [{self._destination}]' if self._destination else ''} stopped speaking"
@@ -426,6 +595,11 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
                 self._audio_buffer = bytearray()
 
         async def _handle_frame(self, frame: Frame):
+            """Handle various frame types with appropriate processing.
+
+            Args:
+                frame: The frame to handle.
+            """
             if isinstance(frame, OutputImageRawFrame):
                 await self._set_video_image(frame)
             elif isinstance(frame, SpriteFrame):
@@ -436,6 +610,12 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
                 await self._transport.write_dtmf(frame)
 
         def _next_frame(self) -> AsyncGenerator[Frame, None]:
+            """Generate the next frame for audio processing.
+
+            Returns:
+                An async generator yielding frames for processing.
+            """
+
             async def without_mixer(vad_stop_secs: float) -> AsyncGenerator[Frame, None]:
                 while True:
                     try:
@@ -480,6 +660,7 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
                 return without_mixer(BOT_VAD_STOP_SECS)
 
         async def _audio_task_handler(self):
+            """Main audio processing task handler."""
             # Push a BotSpeakingFrame every 200ms, we don't really need to push it
             # at every audio chunk. If the audio chunk is bigger than 200ms, push at
             # every audio chunk.
@@ -518,23 +699,36 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
         #
 
         def _create_video_task(self):
+            """Create the video processing task if video output is enabled."""
             if not self._video_task and self._params.video_out_enabled:
                 self._video_queue = asyncio.Queue()
                 self._video_task = self._transport.create_task(self._video_task_handler())
 
         async def _cancel_video_task(self):
+            """Cancel and cleanup the video processing task."""
             # Stop video output task.
             if self._video_task:
                 await self._transport.cancel_task(self._video_task)
                 self._video_task = None
 
         async def _set_video_image(self, image: OutputImageRawFrame):
+            """Set a single video image for cycling output.
+
+            Args:
+                image: The image frame to cycle for video output.
+            """
             self._video_images = itertools.cycle([image])
 
         async def _set_video_images(self, images: List[OutputImageRawFrame]):
+            """Set multiple video images for cycling output.
+
+            Args:
+                images: The list of image frames to cycle for video output.
+            """
             self._video_images = itertools.cycle(images)
 
         async def _video_task_handler(self):
+            """Main video processing task handler."""
             self._video_start_time = None
             self._video_frame_index = 0
             self._video_frame_duration = 1 / self._params.video_out_framerate
@@ -550,6 +744,7 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
                     await asyncio.sleep(self._video_frame_duration)
 
         async def _video_is_live_handler(self):
+            """Handle live video streaming with frame timing."""
             image = await self._video_queue.get()
 
             # We get the start time as soon as we get the first image.
@@ -575,6 +770,12 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
             self._video_queue.task_done()
 
         async def _draw_image(self, frame: OutputImageRawFrame):
+            """Draw/render an image frame with resizing if needed.
+
+            Args:
+                frame: The image frame to draw.
+            """
+
             def resize_frame(frame: OutputImageRawFrame) -> OutputImageRawFrame:
                 desired_size = (self._params.video_out_width, self._params.video_out_height)
 
@@ -601,16 +802,19 @@ class BaseOutputTransport(FrameProcessor):
         #
 
         def _create_clock_task(self):
+            """Create the clock/timing processing task."""
             if not self._clock_task:
                 self._clock_queue = WatchdogPriorityQueue(self._transport.task_manager)
                 self._clock_task = self._transport.create_task(self._clock_task_handler())
 
         async def _cancel_clock_task(self):
+            """Cancel and cleanup the clock processing task."""
             if self._clock_task:
                 await self._transport.cancel_task(self._clock_task)
                 self._clock_task = None
 
         async def _clock_task_handler(self):
+            """Main clock/timing task handler for timed frame delivery."""
             running = True
             while running:
                 timestamp, _, frame = await self._clock_queue.get()

src/pipecat/transports/base_transport.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Base transport classes for Pipecat.
+
+This module provides the foundation for transport implementations including
+parameter configuration and abstract base classes for input/output transport
+functionality.
+"""
+
 from abc import abstractmethod
 from typing import List, Mapping, Optional
 
@@ -18,6 +25,45 @@ from pipecat.utils.base_object import BaseObject
 
 
 class TransportParams(BaseModel):
+    """Configuration parameters for transport implementations.
+
+    Parameters:
+        camera_in_enabled: Enable camera input (deprecated, use video_in_enabled).
+        camera_out_enabled: Enable camera output (deprecated, use video_out_enabled).
+        camera_out_is_live: Enable real-time camera output (deprecated).
+        camera_out_width: Camera output width in pixels (deprecated).
+        camera_out_height: Camera output height in pixels (deprecated).
+        camera_out_bitrate: Camera output bitrate in bits per second (deprecated).
+        camera_out_framerate: Camera output frame rate in FPS (deprecated).
+        camera_out_color_format: Camera output color format string (deprecated).
+        audio_out_enabled: Enable audio output streaming.
+        audio_out_sample_rate: Output audio sample rate in Hz.
+        audio_out_channels: Number of output audio channels.
+        audio_out_bitrate: Output audio bitrate in bits per second.
+        audio_out_10ms_chunks: Number of 10ms chunks to buffer for output.
+        audio_out_mixer: Audio mixer instance or destination mapping.
+        audio_out_destinations: List of audio output destination identifiers.
+        audio_in_enabled: Enable audio input streaming.
+        audio_in_sample_rate: Input audio sample rate in Hz.
+        audio_in_channels: Number of input audio channels.
+        audio_in_filter: Audio filter to apply to input audio.
+        audio_in_stream_on_start: Start audio streaming immediately on transport start.
+        audio_in_passthrough: Pass through input audio frames downstream.
+        video_in_enabled: Enable video input streaming.
+        video_out_enabled: Enable video output streaming.
+        video_out_is_live: Enable real-time video output streaming.
+        video_out_width: Video output width in pixels.
+        video_out_height: Video output height in pixels.
+        video_out_bitrate: Video output bitrate in bits per second.
+        video_out_framerate: Video output frame rate in FPS.
+        video_out_color_format: Video output color format string.
+        video_out_destinations: List of video output destination identifiers.
+        vad_enabled: Enable Voice Activity Detection (deprecated).
+        vad_audio_passthrough: Enable VAD audio passthrough (deprecated).
+        vad_analyzer: Voice Activity Detection analyzer instance.
+        turn_analyzer: Turn-taking analyzer instance for conversation management.
+    """
+
     model_config = ConfigDict(arbitrary_types_allowed=True)
 
     camera_in_enabled: bool = False
@@ -57,6 +103,12 @@ class TransportParams(BaseModel):
 
 
 class BaseTransport(BaseObject):
+    """Base class for transport implementations.
+
+    Provides the foundation for transport classes that handle media streaming,
+    including input and output frame processors for audio and video data.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         *,
@@ -64,14 +116,31 @@ class BaseTransport(BaseObject):
         input_name: Optional[str] = None,
         output_name: Optional[str] = None,
     ):
+        """Initialize the base transport.
+
+        Args:
+            name: Optional name for the transport instance.
+            input_name: Optional name for the input processor.
+            output_name: Optional name for the output processor.
+        """
         super().__init__(name=name)
         self._input_name = input_name
         self._output_name = output_name
 
     @abstractmethod
     def input(self) -> FrameProcessor:
+        """Get the input frame processor for this transport.
+
+        Returns:
+            The frame processor that handles incoming frames.
+        """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     def output(self) -> FrameProcessor:
+        """Get the output frame processor for this transport.
+
+        Returns:
+            The frame processor that handles outgoing frames.
+        """
         pass

src/pipecat/transports/local/audio.py

@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Local audio transport implementation for Pipecat.
+
+This module provides a local audio transport that uses PyAudio for real-time
+audio input and output through the system's default audio devices.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
 from typing import Optional
@@ -27,14 +33,33 @@ except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
 
 
 class LocalAudioTransportParams(TransportParams):
+    """Configuration parameters for local audio transport.
+
+    Parameters:
+        input_device_index: PyAudio device index for audio input. If None, uses default.
+        output_device_index: PyAudio device index for audio output. If None, uses default.
+    """
+
     input_device_index: Optional[int] = None
     output_device_index: Optional[int] = None
 
 
 class LocalAudioInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
+    """Local audio input transport using PyAudio.
+
+    Captures audio from the system's audio input device and converts it to
+    InputAudioRawFrame objects for processing in the pipeline.
+    """
+
     _params: LocalAudioTransportParams
 
     def __init__(self, py_audio: pyaudio.PyAudio, params: LocalAudioTransportParams):
+        """Initialize the local audio input transport.
+
+        Args:
+            py_audio: PyAudio instance for audio device management.
+            params: Transport configuration parameters.
+        """
         super().__init__(params)
         self._py_audio = py_audio
 
@@ -42,6 +67,11 @@ class LocalAudioInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
         self._sample_rate = 0
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the audio input stream.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         await super().start(frame)
 
         if self._in_stream:
@@ -64,6 +94,7 @@ class LocalAudioInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
         await self.set_transport_ready(frame)
 
     async def cleanup(self):
+        """Stop and cleanup the audio input stream."""
         await super().cleanup()
         if self._in_stream:
             self._in_stream.stop_stream()
@@ -71,6 +102,7 @@ class LocalAudioInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
             self._in_stream = None
 
     def _audio_in_callback(self, in_data, frame_count, time_info, status):
+        """Callback function for PyAudio input stream."""
         frame = InputAudioRawFrame(
             audio=in_data,
             sample_rate=self._sample_rate,
@@ -83,9 +115,21 @@ class LocalAudioInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
 
 
 class LocalAudioOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
+    """Local audio output transport using PyAudio.
+
+    Plays audio frames through the system's audio output device by converting
+    OutputAudioRawFrame objects to playable audio data.
+    """
+
     _params: LocalAudioTransportParams
 
     def __init__(self, py_audio: pyaudio.PyAudio, params: LocalAudioTransportParams):
+        """Initialize the local audio output transport.
+
+        Args:
+            py_audio: PyAudio instance for audio device management.
+            params: Transport configuration parameters.
+        """
         super().__init__(params)
         self._py_audio = py_audio
 
@@ -97,6 +141,11 @@ class LocalAudioOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         self._executor = ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=1)
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the audio output stream.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         await super().start(frame)
 
         if self._out_stream:
@@ -116,6 +165,7 @@ class LocalAudioOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         await self.set_transport_ready(frame)
 
     async def cleanup(self):
+        """Stop and cleanup the audio output stream."""
         await super().cleanup()
         if self._out_stream:
             self._out_stream.stop_stream()
@@ -123,6 +173,11 @@ class LocalAudioOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
             self._out_stream = None
 
     async def write_audio_frame(self, frame: OutputAudioRawFrame):
+        """Write an audio frame to the output stream.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The audio frame to write to the output device.
+        """
         if self._out_stream:
             await self.get_event_loop().run_in_executor(
                 self._executor, self._out_stream.write, frame.audio
@@ -130,7 +185,18 @@ class LocalAudioOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
 
 
 class LocalAudioTransport(BaseTransport):
+    """Complete local audio transport with input and output capabilities.
+
+    Provides a unified interface for local audio I/O using PyAudio, supporting
+    both audio capture and playback through the system's audio devices.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, params: LocalAudioTransportParams):
+        """Initialize the local audio transport.
+
+        Args:
+            params: Transport configuration parameters.
+        """
         super().__init__()
         self._params = params
         self._pyaudio = pyaudio.PyAudio()
@@ -143,11 +209,21 @@ class LocalAudioTransport(BaseTransport):
     #
 
     def input(self) -> FrameProcessor:
+        """Get the input frame processor for this transport.
+
+        Returns:
+            The audio input transport processor.
+        """
         if not self._input:
             self._input = LocalAudioInputTransport(self._pyaudio, self._params)
         return self._input
 
     def output(self) -> FrameProcessor:
+        """Get the output frame processor for this transport.
+
+        Returns:
+            The audio output transport processor.
+        """
         if not self._output:
             self._output = LocalAudioOutputTransport(self._pyaudio, self._params)
         return self._output

src/pipecat/transports/local/tk.py

@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Tkinter-based local transport implementation for Pipecat.
+
+This module provides a local transport using Tkinter for video display and
+PyAudio for audio I/O, suitable for desktop applications and testing.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 import tkinter as tk
 from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
@@ -40,20 +46,44 @@ except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
 
 
 class TkTransportParams(TransportParams):
+    """Configuration parameters for Tkinter transport.
+
+    Parameters:
+        audio_input_device_index: PyAudio device index for audio input. If None, uses default.
+        audio_output_device_index: PyAudio device index for audio output. If None, uses default.
+    """
+
     audio_input_device_index: Optional[int] = None
     audio_output_device_index: Optional[int] = None
 
 
 class TkInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
+    """Tkinter-based audio input transport.
+
+    Captures audio from the system's audio input device using PyAudio and
+    converts it to InputAudioRawFrame objects for pipeline processing.
+    """
+
     _params: TkTransportParams
 
     def __init__(self, py_audio: pyaudio.PyAudio, params: TkTransportParams):
+        """Initialize the Tkinter input transport.
+
+        Args:
+            py_audio: PyAudio instance for audio device management.
+            params: Transport configuration parameters.
+        """
         super().__init__(params)
         self._py_audio = py_audio
         self._in_stream = None
         self._sample_rate = 0
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the audio input stream.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         await super().start(frame)
 
         if self._in_stream:
@@ -76,6 +106,7 @@ class TkInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
         await self.set_transport_ready(frame)
 
     async def cleanup(self):
+        """Stop and cleanup the audio input stream."""
         await super().cleanup()
         if self._in_stream:
             self._in_stream.stop_stream()
@@ -83,6 +114,7 @@ class TkInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
             self._in_stream = None
 
     def _audio_in_callback(self, in_data, frame_count, time_info, status):
+        """Callback function for PyAudio input stream."""
         frame = InputAudioRawFrame(
             audio=in_data,
             sample_rate=self._sample_rate,
@@ -95,9 +127,22 @@ class TkInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
 
 
 class TkOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
+    """Tkinter-based audio and video output transport.
+
+    Plays audio through PyAudio and displays video frames in a Tkinter window,
+    providing a complete multimedia output solution for desktop applications.
+    """
+
     _params: TkTransportParams
 
     def __init__(self, tk_root: tk.Tk, py_audio: pyaudio.PyAudio, params: TkTransportParams):
+        """Initialize the Tkinter output transport.
+
+        Args:
+            tk_root: The root Tkinter window for video display.
+            py_audio: PyAudio instance for audio device management.
+            params: Transport configuration parameters.
+        """
         super().__init__(params)
         self._py_audio = py_audio
         self._out_stream = None
@@ -115,6 +160,11 @@ class TkOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         self._image_label.pack()
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the audio output stream.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         await super().start(frame)
 
         if self._out_stream:
@@ -134,6 +184,7 @@ class TkOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         await self.set_transport_ready(frame)
 
     async def cleanup(self):
+        """Stop and cleanup the audio output stream."""
         await super().cleanup()
         if self._out_stream:
             self._out_stream.stop_stream()
@@ -141,15 +192,26 @@ class TkOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
             self._out_stream = None
 
     async def write_audio_frame(self, frame: OutputAudioRawFrame):
+        """Write an audio frame to the output stream.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The audio frame to write to the output device.
+        """
         if self._out_stream:
             await self.get_event_loop().run_in_executor(
                 self._executor, self._out_stream.write, frame.audio
             )
 
     async def write_video_frame(self, frame: OutputImageRawFrame):
+        """Write a video frame to the Tkinter display.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The video frame to display in the Tkinter window.
+        """
         self.get_event_loop().call_soon(self._write_frame_to_tk, frame)
 
     def _write_frame_to_tk(self, frame: OutputImageRawFrame):
+        """Write frame data to the Tkinter image label."""
         width = frame.size[0]
         height = frame.size[1]
         data = f"P6 {width} {height} 255 ".encode() + frame.image
@@ -162,7 +224,19 @@ class TkOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
 
 
 class TkLocalTransport(BaseTransport):
+    """Complete Tkinter-based local transport with audio and video capabilities.
+
+    Provides a unified interface for local multimedia I/O using Tkinter for video
+    display and PyAudio for audio, suitable for desktop applications and testing.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, tk_root: tk.Tk, params: TkTransportParams):
+        """Initialize the Tkinter local transport.
+
+        Args:
+            tk_root: The root Tkinter window for video display.
+            params: Transport configuration parameters.
+        """
         super().__init__()
         self._tk_root = tk_root
         self._params = params
@@ -176,11 +250,21 @@ class TkLocalTransport(BaseTransport):
     #
 
     def input(self) -> TkInputTransport:
+        """Get the input frame processor for this transport.
+
+        Returns:
+            The Tkinter input transport processor.
+        """
         if not self._input:
             self._input = TkInputTransport(self._pyaudio, self._params)
         return self._input
 
     def output(self) -> TkOutputTransport:
+        """Get the output frame processor for this transport.
+
+        Returns:
+            The Tkinter output transport processor.
+        """
         if not self._output:
             self._output = TkOutputTransport(self._tk_root, self._pyaudio, self._params)
         return self._output

src/pipecat/transports/network/fastapi_websocket.py

@@ -4,6 +4,12 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""FastAPI WebSocket transport implementation for Pipecat.
+
+This module provides WebSocket-based transport for real-time audio/video streaming
+using FastAPI and WebSocket connections. Supports binary and text serialization
+with configurable session timeouts and WAV header generation.
+"""
 
 import asyncio
 import io
@@ -45,19 +51,48 @@ except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
 
 
 class FastAPIWebsocketParams(TransportParams):
+    """Configuration parameters for FastAPI WebSocket transport.
+
+    Parameters:
+        add_wav_header: Whether to add WAV headers to audio frames.
+        serializer: Frame serializer for encoding/decoding messages.
+        session_timeout: Session timeout in seconds, None for no timeout.
+    """
+
     add_wav_header: bool = False
     serializer: Optional[FrameSerializer] = None
     session_timeout: Optional[int] = None
 
 
 class FastAPIWebsocketCallbacks(BaseModel):
+    """Callback functions for WebSocket events.
+
+    Parameters:
+        on_client_connected: Called when a client connects to the WebSocket.
+        on_client_disconnected: Called when a client disconnects from the WebSocket.
+        on_session_timeout: Called when a session timeout occurs.
+    """
+
     on_client_connected: Callable[[WebSocket], Awaitable[None]]
     on_client_disconnected: Callable[[WebSocket], Awaitable[None]]
     on_session_timeout: Callable[[WebSocket], Awaitable[None]]
 
 
 class FastAPIWebsocketClient:
+    """WebSocket client wrapper for handling connections and message passing.
+
+    Manages WebSocket state, message sending/receiving, and connection lifecycle
+    with support for both binary and text message types.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, websocket: WebSocket, is_binary: bool, callbacks: FastAPIWebsocketCallbacks):
+        """Initialize the WebSocket client.
+
+        Args:
+            websocket: The FastAPI WebSocket connection.
+            is_binary: Whether to use binary message format.
+            callbacks: Event callback functions.
+        """
         self._websocket = websocket
         self._closing = False
         self._is_binary = is_binary
@@ -65,12 +100,27 @@ class FastAPIWebsocketClient:
         self._leave_counter = 0
 
     async def setup(self, _: StartFrame):
+        """Set up the WebSocket client.
+
+        Args:
+            _: The start frame (unused).
+        """
         self._leave_counter += 1
 
     def receive(self) -> typing.AsyncIterator[bytes | str]:
+        """Get an async iterator for receiving WebSocket messages.
+
+        Returns:
+            An async iterator yielding bytes or strings based on message type.
+        """
         return self._websocket.iter_bytes() if self._is_binary else self._websocket.iter_text()
 
     async def send(self, data: str | bytes):
+        """Send data through the WebSocket connection.
+
+        Args:
+            data: The data to send (string or bytes).
+        """
         try:
             if self._can_send():
                 if self._is_binary:
@@ -89,6 +139,7 @@ class FastAPIWebsocketClient:
                 await self.trigger_client_disconnected()
 
     async def disconnect(self):
+        """Disconnect the WebSocket client."""
         self._leave_counter -= 1
         if self._leave_counter > 0:
             return
@@ -99,27 +150,47 @@ class FastAPIWebsocketClient:
             await self.trigger_client_disconnected()
 
     async def trigger_client_disconnected(self):
+        """Trigger the client disconnected callback."""
         await self._callbacks.on_client_disconnected(self._websocket)
 
     async def trigger_client_connected(self):
+        """Trigger the client connected callback."""
         await self._callbacks.on_client_connected(self._websocket)
 
     async def trigger_client_timeout(self):
+        """Trigger the client timeout callback."""
         await self._callbacks.on_session_timeout(self._websocket)
 
     def _can_send(self):
+        """Check if data can be sent through the WebSocket."""
         return self.is_connected and not self.is_closing
 
     @property
     def is_connected(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the WebSocket is currently connected.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if the WebSocket is in connected state.
+        """
         return self._websocket.client_state == WebSocketState.CONNECTED
 
     @property
     def is_closing(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the WebSocket is currently closing.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if the WebSocket is in the process of closing.
+        """
         return self._closing
 
 
 class FastAPIWebsocketInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
+    """Input transport for FastAPI WebSocket connections.
+
+    Handles incoming WebSocket messages, deserializes frames, and manages
+    connection monitoring with optional session timeouts.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         transport: BaseTransport,
@@ -127,6 +198,14 @@ class FastAPIWebsocketInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
         params: FastAPIWebsocketParams,
         **kwargs,
     ):
+        """Initialize the WebSocket input transport.
+
+        Args:
+            transport: The parent transport instance.
+            client: The WebSocket client wrapper.
+            params: Transport configuration parameters.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to parent class.
+        """
         super().__init__(params, **kwargs)
         self._transport = transport
         self._client = client
@@ -138,6 +217,11 @@ class FastAPIWebsocketInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
         self._initialized = False
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the input transport and begin message processing.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         await super().start(frame)
 
         if self._initialized:
@@ -156,6 +240,7 @@ class FastAPIWebsocketInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
         await self.set_transport_ready(frame)
 
     async def _stop_tasks(self):
+        """Stop all running tasks."""
         if self._monitor_websocket_task:
             await self.cancel_task(self._monitor_websocket_task)
             self._monitor_websocket_task = None
@@ -164,20 +249,32 @@ class FastAPIWebsocketInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
             self._receive_task = None
 
     async def stop(self, frame: EndFrame):
+        """Stop the input transport and cleanup resources.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The end frame signaling transport shutdown.
+        """
         await super().stop(frame)
         await self._stop_tasks()
         await self._client.disconnect()
 
     async def cancel(self, frame: CancelFrame):
+        """Cancel the input transport and stop all processing.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The cancel frame signaling immediate cancellation.
+        """
         await super().cancel(frame)
         await self._stop_tasks()
         await self._client.disconnect()
 
     async def cleanup(self):
+        """Clean up transport resources."""
         await super().cleanup()
         await self._transport.cleanup()
 
     async def _receive_messages(self):
+        """Main message receiving loop for WebSocket messages."""
         try:
             async for message in WatchdogAsyncIterator(
                 self._client.receive(), manager=self.task_manager
@@ -206,6 +303,12 @@ class FastAPIWebsocketInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
 
 
 class FastAPIWebsocketOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
+    """Output transport for FastAPI WebSocket connections.
+
+    Handles outgoing frame serialization, audio streaming with timing simulation,
+    and WebSocket message transmission with optional WAV header generation.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         transport: BaseTransport,
@@ -213,6 +316,14 @@ class FastAPIWebsocketOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         params: FastAPIWebsocketParams,
         **kwargs,
     ):
+        """Initialize the WebSocket output transport.
+
+        Args:
+            transport: The parent transport instance.
+            client: The WebSocket client wrapper.
+            params: Transport configuration parameters.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to parent class.
+        """
         super().__init__(params, **kwargs)
 
         self._transport = transport
@@ -231,6 +342,11 @@ class FastAPIWebsocketOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         self._initialized = False
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the output transport and initialize timing.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         await super().start(frame)
 
         if self._initialized:
@@ -245,20 +361,37 @@ class FastAPIWebsocketOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         await self.set_transport_ready(frame)
 
     async def stop(self, frame: EndFrame):
+        """Stop the output transport and cleanup resources.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The end frame signaling transport shutdown.
+        """
         await super().stop(frame)
         await self._write_frame(frame)
         await self._client.disconnect()
 
     async def cancel(self, frame: CancelFrame):
+        """Cancel the output transport and stop all processing.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The cancel frame signaling immediate cancellation.
+        """
         await super().cancel(frame)
         await self._write_frame(frame)
         await self._client.disconnect()
 
     async def cleanup(self):
+        """Clean up transport resources."""
         await super().cleanup()
         await self._transport.cleanup()
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        """Process outgoing frames with special handling for interruptions.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to process.
+            direction: The direction of frame flow in the pipeline.
+        """
         await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
 
         if isinstance(frame, StartInterruptionFrame):
@@ -266,9 +399,19 @@ class FastAPIWebsocketOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
             self._next_send_time = 0
 
     async def send_message(self, frame: TransportMessageFrame | TransportMessageUrgentFrame):
+        """Send a transport message frame.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The transport message frame to send.
+        """
         await self._write_frame(frame)
 
     async def write_audio_frame(self, frame: OutputAudioRawFrame):
+        """Write an audio frame to the WebSocket with timing simulation.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The output audio frame to write.
+        """
         if self._client.is_closing:
             return
 
@@ -303,6 +446,7 @@ class FastAPIWebsocketOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         await self._write_audio_sleep()
 
     async def _write_frame(self, frame: Frame):
+        """Serialize and send a frame through the WebSocket."""
         if not self._params.serializer:
             return
 
@@ -314,6 +458,7 @@ class FastAPIWebsocketOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
             logger.error(f"{self} exception sending data: {e.__class__.__name__} ({e})")
 
     async def _write_audio_sleep(self):
+        """Simulate audio playback timing with appropriate delays."""
         # Simulate a clock.
         current_time = time.monotonic()
         sleep_duration = max(0, self._next_send_time - current_time)
@@ -325,6 +470,12 @@ class FastAPIWebsocketOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
 
 
 class FastAPIWebsocketTransport(BaseTransport):
+    """FastAPI WebSocket transport for real-time audio/video streaming.
+
+    Provides bidirectional WebSocket communication with frame serialization,
+    session management, and event handling for client connections and timeouts.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         websocket: WebSocket,
@@ -332,6 +483,14 @@ class FastAPIWebsocketTransport(BaseTransport):
         input_name: Optional[str] = None,
         output_name: Optional[str] = None,
     ):
+        """Initialize the FastAPI WebSocket transport.
+
+        Args:
+            websocket: The FastAPI WebSocket connection.
+            params: Transport configuration parameters.
+            input_name: Optional name for the input processor.
+            output_name: Optional name for the output processor.
+        """
         super().__init__(input_name=input_name, output_name=output_name)
 
         self._params = params
@@ -361,16 +520,29 @@ class FastAPIWebsocketTransport(BaseTransport):
         self._register_event_handler("on_session_timeout")
 
     def input(self) -> FastAPIWebsocketInputTransport:
+        """Get the input transport processor.
+
+        Returns:
+            The WebSocket input transport instance.
+        """
         return self._input
 
     def output(self) -> FastAPIWebsocketOutputTransport:
+        """Get the output transport processor.
+
+        Returns:
+            The WebSocket output transport instance.
+        """
         return self._output
 
     async def _on_client_connected(self, websocket):
+        """Handle client connected event."""
         await self._call_event_handler("on_client_connected", websocket)
 
     async def _on_client_disconnected(self, websocket):
+        """Handle client disconnected event."""
         await self._call_event_handler("on_client_disconnected", websocket)
 
     async def _on_session_timeout(self, websocket):
+        """Handle session timeout event."""
         await self._call_event_handler("on_session_timeout", websocket)

src/pipecat/transports/network/small_webrtc.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Small WebRTC transport implementation for Pipecat.
+
+This module provides a WebRTC transport implementation using aiortc for
+real-time audio and video communication. It supports bidirectional media
+streaming, application messaging, and client connection management.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 import fractions
 import time
@@ -47,13 +54,32 @@ except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
 
 
 class SmallWebRTCCallbacks(BaseModel):
+    """Callback handlers for SmallWebRTC events.
+
+    Parameters:
+        on_app_message: Called when an application message is received.
+        on_client_connected: Called when a client establishes connection.
+        on_client_disconnected: Called when a client disconnects.
+    """
+
     on_app_message: Callable[[Any], Awaitable[None]]
     on_client_connected: Callable[[SmallWebRTCConnection], Awaitable[None]]
     on_client_disconnected: Callable[[SmallWebRTCConnection], Awaitable[None]]
 
 
 class RawAudioTrack(AudioStreamTrack):
+    """Custom audio stream track for WebRTC output.
+
+    Handles audio frame generation and timing for WebRTC transmission,
+    supporting queued audio data with proper synchronization.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, sample_rate):
+        """Initialize the raw audio track.
+
+        Args:
+            sample_rate: The audio sample rate in Hz.
+        """
         super().__init__()
         self._sample_rate = sample_rate
         self._samples_per_10ms = sample_rate * 10 // 1000
@@ -64,7 +90,17 @@ class RawAudioTrack(AudioStreamTrack):
         self._chunk_queue = deque()
 
     def add_audio_bytes(self, audio_bytes: bytes):
-        """Adds bytes to the audio buffer and returns a Future that completes when the data is processed."""
+        """Add audio bytes to the buffer for transmission.
+
+        Args:
+            audio_bytes: Raw audio data to queue for transmission.
+
+        Returns:
+            A Future that completes when the data is processed.
+
+        Raises:
+            ValueError: If audio bytes are not a multiple of 10ms size.
+        """
         if len(audio_bytes) % self._bytes_per_10ms != 0:
             raise ValueError("Audio bytes must be a multiple of 10ms size.")
         future = asyncio.get_running_loop().create_future()
@@ -79,7 +115,11 @@ class RawAudioTrack(AudioStreamTrack):
         return future
 
     async def recv(self):
-        """Returns the next audio frame, generating silence if needed."""
+        """Return the next audio frame for WebRTC transmission.
+
+        Returns:
+            An AudioFrame containing the next audio data or silence.
+        """
         # Compute required wait time for synchronization
         if self._timestamp > 0:
             wait = self._start + (self._timestamp / self._sample_rate) - time.time()
@@ -106,18 +146,37 @@ class RawAudioTrack(AudioStreamTrack):
 
 
 class RawVideoTrack(VideoStreamTrack):
+    """Custom video stream track for WebRTC output.
+
+    Handles video frame queuing and conversion for WebRTC transmission.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, width, height):
+        """Initialize the raw video track.
+
+        Args:
+            width: Video frame width in pixels.
+            height: Video frame height in pixels.
+        """
         super().__init__()
         self._width = width
         self._height = height
         self._video_buffer = asyncio.Queue()
 
     def add_video_frame(self, frame):
-        """Adds a raw video frame to the buffer."""
+        """Add a video frame to the transmission buffer.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The video frame to queue for transmission.
+        """
         self._video_buffer.put_nowait(frame)
 
     async def recv(self):
-        """Returns the next video frame, waiting if the buffer is empty."""
+        """Return the next video frame for WebRTC transmission.
+
+        Returns:
+            A VideoFrame ready for WebRTC transmission.
+        """
         raw_frame = await self._video_buffer.get()
 
         # Convert bytes to NumPy array
@@ -134,6 +193,12 @@ class RawVideoTrack(VideoStreamTrack):
 
 
 class SmallWebRTCClient:
+    """WebRTC client implementation for handling connections and media streams.
+
+    Manages WebRTC peer connections, audio/video streaming, and application
+    messaging through the SmallWebRTCConnection interface.
+    """
+
     FORMAT_CONVERSIONS = {
         "yuv420p": cv2.COLOR_YUV2RGB_I420,
         "yuvj420p": cv2.COLOR_YUV2RGB_I420,  # OpenCV treats both the same
@@ -142,6 +207,12 @@ class SmallWebRTCClient:
     }
 
     def __init__(self, webrtc_connection: SmallWebRTCConnection, callbacks: SmallWebRTCCallbacks):
+        """Initialize the WebRTC client.
+
+        Args:
+            webrtc_connection: The underlying WebRTC connection handler.
+            callbacks: Event callbacks for connection and message handling.
+        """
         self._webrtc_connection = webrtc_connection
         self._closing = False
         self._callbacks = callbacks
@@ -180,14 +251,14 @@ class SmallWebRTCClient:
             await self._handle_app_message(message)
 
     def _convert_frame(self, frame_array: np.ndarray, format_name: str) -> np.ndarray:
-        """Convert a given frame to RGB format based on the input format.
+        """Convert a video frame to RGB format based on the input format.
 
         Args:
-            frame_array (np.ndarray): The input frame.
+            frame_array: The input frame as a NumPy array.
-            format_name (str): The format of the input frame.
+            format_name: The format of the input frame.
 
         Returns:
-            np.ndarray: The converted RGB frame.
+            The converted RGB frame as a NumPy array.
 
         Raises:
             ValueError: If the format is unsupported.
@@ -203,8 +274,13 @@ class SmallWebRTCClient:
         return cv2.cvtColor(frame_array, conversion_code)
 
     async def read_video_frame(self):
-        """Reads a video frame from the given MediaStreamTrack, converts it to RGB,
+        """Read video frames from the WebRTC connection.
+
+        Reads a video frame from the given MediaStreamTrack, converts it to RGB,
         and creates an InputImageRawFrame.
+
+        Yields:
+            UserImageRawFrame objects containing video data from the peer.
         """
         while True:
             if self._video_input_track is None:
@@ -242,7 +318,13 @@ class SmallWebRTCClient:
             yield image_frame
 
     async def read_audio_frame(self):
-        """Reads 20ms of audio from the given MediaStreamTrack and creates an InputAudioRawFrame."""
+        """Read audio frames from the WebRTC connection.
+
+        Reads 20ms of audio from the given MediaStreamTrack and creates an InputAudioRawFrame.
+
+        Yields:
+            InputAudioRawFrame objects containing audio data from the peer.
+        """
         while True:
             if self._audio_input_track is None:
                 await asyncio.sleep(0.01)
@@ -285,20 +367,37 @@ class SmallWebRTCClient:
                 yield audio_frame
 
     async def write_audio_frame(self, frame: OutputAudioRawFrame):
+        """Write an audio frame to the WebRTC connection.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The audio frame to transmit.
+        """
         if self._can_send() and self._audio_output_track:
             await self._audio_output_track.add_audio_bytes(frame.audio)
 
     async def write_video_frame(self, frame: OutputImageRawFrame):
+        """Write a video frame to the WebRTC connection.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The video frame to transmit.
+        """
         if self._can_send() and self._video_output_track:
             self._video_output_track.add_video_frame(frame)
 
     async def setup(self, _params: TransportParams, frame):
+        """Set up the client with transport parameters.
+
+        Args:
+            _params: Transport configuration parameters.
+            frame: The initialization frame containing setup data.
+        """
         self._audio_in_channels = _params.audio_in_channels
         self._in_sample_rate = _params.audio_in_sample_rate or frame.audio_in_sample_rate
         self._out_sample_rate = _params.audio_out_sample_rate or frame.audio_out_sample_rate
         self._params = _params
 
     async def connect(self):
+        """Establish the WebRTC connection."""
         if self._webrtc_connection.is_connected():
             # already initialized
             return
@@ -307,6 +406,7 @@ class SmallWebRTCClient:
         await self._webrtc_connection.connect()
 
     async def disconnect(self):
+        """Disconnect from the WebRTC peer."""
         if self.is_connected and not self.is_closing:
             logger.info(f"Disconnecting to Small WebRTC")
             self._closing = True
@@ -314,10 +414,16 @@ class SmallWebRTCClient:
             await self._handle_peer_disconnected()
 
     async def send_message(self, frame: TransportMessageFrame | TransportMessageUrgentFrame):
+        """Send an application message through the WebRTC connection.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The message frame to send.
+        """
         if self._can_send():
             self._webrtc_connection.send_app_message(frame.message)
 
     async def _handle_client_connected(self):
+        """Handle client connection establishment."""
         # There is nothing to do here yet, the pipeline is still not ready
         if not self._params:
             return
@@ -337,12 +443,14 @@ class SmallWebRTCClient:
         await self._callbacks.on_client_connected(self._webrtc_connection)
 
     async def _handle_peer_disconnected(self):
+        """Handle peer disconnection cleanup."""
         self._audio_input_track = None
         self._video_input_track = None
         self._audio_output_track = None
         self._video_output_track = None
 
     async def _handle_client_closed(self):
+        """Handle client connection closure."""
         self._audio_input_track = None
         self._video_input_track = None
         self._audio_output_track = None
@@ -350,27 +458,52 @@ class SmallWebRTCClient:
         await self._callbacks.on_client_disconnected(self._webrtc_connection)
 
     async def _handle_app_message(self, message: Any):
+        """Handle incoming application messages."""
         await self._callbacks.on_app_message(message)
 
     def _can_send(self):
+        """Check if the connection is ready for sending data."""
         return self.is_connected and not self.is_closing
 
     @property
     def is_connected(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the WebRTC connection is established.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if connected to the peer.
+        """
         return self._webrtc_connection.is_connected()
 
     @property
     def is_closing(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the connection is in the process of closing.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if the connection is closing.
+        """
         return self._closing
 
 
 class SmallWebRTCInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
+    """Input transport implementation for SmallWebRTC.
+
+    Handles incoming audio and video streams from WebRTC peers,
+    including user image requests and application message handling.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         client: SmallWebRTCClient,
         params: TransportParams,
         **kwargs,
     ):
+        """Initialize the WebRTC input transport.
+
+        Args:
+            client: The WebRTC client instance.
+            params: Transport configuration parameters.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to parent class.
+        """
         super().__init__(params, **kwargs)
         self._client = client
         self._params = params
@@ -382,12 +515,23 @@ class SmallWebRTCInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
         self._initialized = False
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        """Process incoming frames including user image requests.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to process.
+            direction: The direction of frame flow in the pipeline.
+        """
         await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
 
         if isinstance(frame, UserImageRequestFrame):
             await self.request_participant_image(frame)
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the input transport and establish WebRTC connection.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         await super().start(frame)
 
         if self._initialized:
@@ -404,6 +548,7 @@ class SmallWebRTCInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
         await self.set_transport_ready(frame)
 
     async def _stop_tasks(self):
+        """Stop all background tasks."""
         if self._receive_audio_task:
             await self.cancel_task(self._receive_audio_task)
             self._receive_audio_task = None
@@ -412,16 +557,27 @@ class SmallWebRTCInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
             self._receive_video_task = None
 
     async def stop(self, frame: EndFrame):
+        """Stop the input transport and disconnect from WebRTC.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The end frame signaling transport shutdown.
+        """
         await super().stop(frame)
         await self._stop_tasks()
         await self._client.disconnect()
 
     async def cancel(self, frame: CancelFrame):
+        """Cancel the input transport and disconnect immediately.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The cancel frame signaling immediate cancellation.
+        """
         await super().cancel(frame)
         await self._stop_tasks()
         await self._client.disconnect()
 
     async def _receive_audio(self):
+        """Background task for receiving audio frames from WebRTC."""
         try:
             audio_iterator = self._client.read_audio_frame()
             async for audio_frame in WatchdogAsyncIterator(
@@ -434,6 +590,7 @@ class SmallWebRTCInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
             logger.error(f"{self} exception receiving data: {e.__class__.__name__} ({e})")
 
     async def _receive_video(self):
+        """Background task for receiving video frames from WebRTC."""
         try:
             video_iterator = self._client.read_video_frame()
             async for video_frame in WatchdogAsyncIterator(
@@ -462,16 +619,24 @@ class SmallWebRTCInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
             logger.error(f"{self} exception receiving data: {e.__class__.__name__} ({e})")
 
     async def push_app_message(self, message: Any):
+        """Push an application message into the pipeline.
+
+        Args:
+            message: The application message to process.
+        """
         logger.debug(f"Received app message inside SmallWebRTCInputTransport  {message}")
         frame = TransportMessageUrgentFrame(message=message)
         await self.push_frame(frame)
 
     # Add this method similar to DailyInputTransport.request_participant_image
     async def request_participant_image(self, frame: UserImageRequestFrame):
-        """Requests an image frame from the participant's video stream.
+        """Request an image frame from the participant's video stream.
 
         When a UserImageRequestFrame is received, this method will store the request
         and the next video frame received will be converted to a UserImageRawFrame.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The user image request frame.
         """
         logger.debug(f"Requesting image from participant: {frame.user_id}")
 
@@ -486,12 +651,25 @@ class SmallWebRTCInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
 
 
 class SmallWebRTCOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
+    """Output transport implementation for SmallWebRTC.
+
+    Handles outgoing audio and video streams to WebRTC peers,
+    including transport message sending.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         client: SmallWebRTCClient,
         params: TransportParams,
         **kwargs,
     ):
+        """Initialize the WebRTC output transport.
+
+        Args:
+            client: The WebRTC client instance.
+            params: Transport configuration parameters.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to parent class.
+        """
         super().__init__(params, **kwargs)
         self._client = client
         self._params = params
@@ -500,6 +678,11 @@ class SmallWebRTCOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         self._initialized = False
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the output transport and establish WebRTC connection.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         await super().start(frame)
 
         if self._initialized:
@@ -512,24 +695,55 @@ class SmallWebRTCOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         await self.set_transport_ready(frame)
 
     async def stop(self, frame: EndFrame):
+        """Stop the output transport and disconnect from WebRTC.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The end frame signaling transport shutdown.
+        """
         await super().stop(frame)
         await self._client.disconnect()
 
     async def cancel(self, frame: CancelFrame):
+        """Cancel the output transport and disconnect immediately.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The cancel frame signaling immediate cancellation.
+        """
         await super().cancel(frame)
         await self._client.disconnect()
 
     async def send_message(self, frame: TransportMessageFrame | TransportMessageUrgentFrame):
+        """Send a transport message through the WebRTC connection.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The transport message frame to send.
+        """
         await self._client.send_message(frame)
 
     async def write_audio_frame(self, frame: OutputAudioRawFrame):
+        """Write an audio frame to the WebRTC connection.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The output audio frame to transmit.
+        """
         await self._client.write_audio_frame(frame)
 
     async def write_video_frame(self, frame: OutputImageRawFrame):
+        """Write a video frame to the WebRTC connection.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The output video frame to transmit.
+        """
         await self._client.write_video_frame(frame)
 
 
 class SmallWebRTCTransport(BaseTransport):
+    """WebRTC transport implementation for real-time communication.
+
+    Provides bidirectional audio and video streaming over WebRTC connections
+    with support for application messaging and connection event handling.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         webrtc_connection: SmallWebRTCConnection,
@@ -537,6 +751,14 @@ class SmallWebRTCTransport(BaseTransport):
         input_name: Optional[str] = None,
         output_name: Optional[str] = None,
     ):
+        """Initialize the WebRTC transport.
+
+        Args:
+            webrtc_connection: The underlying WebRTC connection handler.
+            params: Transport configuration parameters.
+            input_name: Optional name for the input processor.
+            output_name: Optional name for the output processor.
+        """
         super().__init__(input_name=input_name, output_name=output_name)
         self._params = params
 
@@ -558,6 +780,11 @@ class SmallWebRTCTransport(BaseTransport):
         self._register_event_handler("on_client_disconnected")
 
     def input(self) -> SmallWebRTCInputTransport:
+        """Get the input transport processor.
+
+        Returns:
+            The input transport for handling incoming media streams.
+        """
         if not self._input:
             self._input = SmallWebRTCInputTransport(
                 self._client, self._params, name=self._input_name
@@ -565,6 +792,11 @@ class SmallWebRTCTransport(BaseTransport):
         return self._input
 
     def output(self) -> SmallWebRTCOutputTransport:
+        """Get the output transport processor.
+
+        Returns:
+            The output transport for handling outgoing media streams.
+        """
         if not self._output:
             self._output = SmallWebRTCOutputTransport(
                 self._client, self._params, name=self._input_name
@@ -572,20 +804,33 @@ class SmallWebRTCTransport(BaseTransport):
         return self._output
 
     async def send_image(self, frame: OutputImageRawFrame | SpriteFrame):
+        """Send an image frame through the transport.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The image frame to send.
+        """
         if self._output:
             await self._output.queue_frame(frame, FrameDirection.DOWNSTREAM)
 
     async def send_audio(self, frame: OutputAudioRawFrame):
+        """Send an audio frame through the transport.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The audio frame to send.
+        """
         if self._output:
             await self._output.queue_frame(frame, FrameDirection.DOWNSTREAM)
 
     async def _on_app_message(self, message: Any):
+        """Handle incoming application messages."""
         if self._input:
             await self._input.push_app_message(message)
         await self._call_event_handler("on_app_message", message)
 
     async def _on_client_connected(self, webrtc_connection):
+        """Handle client connection events."""
         await self._call_event_handler("on_client_connected", webrtc_connection)
 
     async def _on_client_disconnected(self, webrtc_connection):
+        """Handle client disconnection events."""
         await self._call_event_handler("on_client_disconnected", webrtc_connection)

src/pipecat/transports/network/webrtc_connection.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Small WebRTC connection implementation for Pipecat.
+
+This module provides a WebRTC connection implementation using aiortc,
+with support for audio/video tracks, data channels, and signaling
+for real-time communication applications.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 import json
 import time
@@ -35,36 +42,85 @@ VIDEO_TRANSCEIVER_INDEX = 1
 
 
 class TrackStatusMessage(BaseModel):
+    """Message for updating track enabled/disabled status.
+
+    Parameters:
+        type: Message type identifier.
+        receiver_index: Index of the track receiver to update.
+        enabled: Whether the track should be enabled or disabled.
+    """
+
     type: Literal["trackStatus"]
     receiver_index: int
     enabled: bool
 
 
 class RenegotiateMessage(BaseModel):
+    """Message requesting WebRTC renegotiation.
+
+    Parameters:
+        type: Message type identifier for renegotiation requests.
+    """
+
     type: Literal["renegotiate"] = "renegotiate"
 
 
 class PeerLeftMessage(BaseModel):
+    """Message indicating a peer has left the connection.
+
+    Parameters:
+        type: Message type identifier for peer departure.
+    """
+
     type: Literal["peerLeft"] = "peerLeft"
 
 
 class SignallingMessage:
+    """Union types for signaling message handling.
+
+    Parameters:
+        Inbound: Types of messages that can be received from peers.
+        outbound: Types of messages that can be sent to peers.
+    """
+
     Inbound = Union[TrackStatusMessage]  # in case we need to add new messages in the future
     outbound = Union[RenegotiateMessage]
 
 
 class SmallWebRTCTrack:
+    """Wrapper for WebRTC media tracks with enabled/disabled state management.
+
+    Provides additional functionality on top of aiortc MediaStreamTrack including
+    enable/disable control and frame discarding for audio and video streams.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, track: MediaStreamTrack):
+        """Initialize the WebRTC track wrapper.
+
+        Args:
+            track: The underlying MediaStreamTrack to wrap.
+        """
         self._track = track
         self._enabled = True
 
     def set_enabled(self, enabled: bool) -> None:
+        """Enable or disable the track.
+
+        Args:
+            enabled: Whether the track should be enabled for receiving frames.
+        """
         self._enabled = enabled
 
     def is_enabled(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the track is currently enabled.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if the track is enabled for receiving frames.
+        """
         return self._enabled
 
     async def discard_old_frames(self):
+        """Discard old frames from the track queue to reduce latency."""
         remote_track = self._track
         if isinstance(remote_track, RemoteStreamTrack):
             if not hasattr(remote_track, "_queue") or not isinstance(
@@ -78,11 +134,24 @@ class SmallWebRTCTrack:
                 remote_track._queue.task_done()
 
     async def recv(self) -> Optional[Frame]:
+        """Receive the next frame from the track.
+
+        Returns:
+            The next frame if the track is enabled, None otherwise.
+        """
         if not self._enabled:
             return None
         return await self._track.recv()
 
     def __getattr__(self, name):
+        """Forward attribute access to the underlying track.
+
+        Args:
+            name: The attribute name to access.
+
+        Returns:
+            The attribute value from the underlying track.
+        """
         # Forward other attribute/method calls to the underlying track
         return getattr(self._track, name)
 
@@ -92,7 +161,22 @@ IceServer = RTCIceServer
 
 
 class SmallWebRTCConnection(BaseObject):
+    """WebRTC connection implementation using aiortc.
+
+    Provides WebRTC peer connection functionality including ICE server configuration,
+    track management, data channel communication, and connection state handling
+    for real-time audio/video communication.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, ice_servers: Optional[Union[List[str], List[IceServer]]] = None):
+        """Initialize the WebRTC connection.
+
+        Args:
+            ice_servers: List of ICE servers as URLs or IceServer objects.
+
+        Raises:
+            TypeError: If ice_servers contains mixed types or unsupported types.
+        """
         super().__init__()
         if not ice_servers:
             self.ice_servers: List[IceServer] = []
@@ -126,13 +210,24 @@ class SmallWebRTCConnection(BaseObject):
 
     @property
     def pc(self) -> RTCPeerConnection:
+        """Get the underlying RTCPeerConnection.
+
+        Returns:
+            The aiortc RTCPeerConnection instance.
+        """
         return self._pc
 
     @property
     def pc_id(self) -> str:
+        """Get the peer connection identifier.
+
+        Returns:
+            The unique identifier for this peer connection.
+        """
         return self._pc_id
 
     def _initialize(self):
+        """Initialize the peer connection and associated components."""
         logger.debug("Initializing new peer connection")
         rtc_config = RTCConfiguration(iceServers=self.ice_servers)
 
@@ -147,6 +242,8 @@ class SmallWebRTCConnection(BaseObject):
         self._pending_app_messages = []
 
     def _setup_listeners(self):
+        """Set up event listeners for the peer connection."""
+
         @self._pc.on("datachannel")
         def on_datachannel(channel):
             self._data_channel = channel
@@ -208,6 +305,7 @@ class SmallWebRTCConnection(BaseObject):
                 await self._call_event_handler("track-ended", track)
 
     async def _create_answer(self, sdp: str, type: str):
+        """Create an SDP answer for the given offer."""
         offer = RTCSessionDescription(sdp=sdp, type=type)
         await self._pc.setRemoteDescription(offer)
 
@@ -223,9 +321,16 @@ class SmallWebRTCConnection(BaseObject):
         self._answer = self._pc.localDescription
 
     async def initialize(self, sdp: str, type: str):
+        """Initialize the connection with an SDP offer.
+
+        Args:
+            sdp: The SDP offer string.
+            type: The SDP type (usually "offer").
+        """
         await self._create_answer(sdp, type)
 
     async def connect(self):
+        """Connect the WebRTC peer connection and handle initial setup."""
         self._connect_invoked = True
         # If we already connected, trigger again the connected event
         if self.is_connected():
@@ -241,6 +346,13 @@ class SmallWebRTCConnection(BaseObject):
             self.ask_to_renegotiate()
 
     async def renegotiate(self, sdp: str, type: str, restart_pc: bool = False):
+        """Renegotiate the WebRTC connection with new parameters.
+
+        Args:
+            sdp: The new SDP offer string.
+            type: The SDP type (usually "offer").
+            restart_pc: Whether to restart the peer connection entirely.
+        """
         logger.debug(f"Renegotiating {self._pc_id}")
 
         if restart_pc:
@@ -264,6 +376,7 @@ class SmallWebRTCConnection(BaseObject):
         asyncio.create_task(delayed_task())
 
     def force_transceivers_to_send_recv(self):
+        """Force all transceivers to bidirectional send/receive mode."""
         for transceiver in self._pc.getTransceivers():
             transceiver.direction = "sendrecv"
             # logger.debug(
@@ -272,6 +385,11 @@ class SmallWebRTCConnection(BaseObject):
             # logger.debug(f"Sender track: {transceiver.sender.track}")
 
     def replace_audio_track(self, track):
+        """Replace the audio track in the first transceiver.
+
+        Args:
+            track: The new audio track to use for sending.
+        """
         logger.debug(f"Replacing audio track {track.kind}")
         # Transceivers always appear in creation-order for both peers
         # For now we are only considering that we are going to have 02 transceivers,
@@ -283,6 +401,11 @@ class SmallWebRTCConnection(BaseObject):
             logger.warning("Audio transceiver not found. Cannot replace audio track.")
 
     def replace_video_track(self, track):
+        """Replace the video track in the second transceiver.
+
+        Args:
+            track: The new video track to use for sending.
+        """
         logger.debug(f"Replacing video track {track.kind}")
         # Transceivers always appear in creation-order for both peers
         # For now we are only considering that we are going to have 02 transceivers,
@@ -294,10 +417,12 @@ class SmallWebRTCConnection(BaseObject):
             logger.warning("Video transceiver not found. Cannot replace video track.")
 
     async def disconnect(self):
+        """Disconnect from the WebRTC peer connection."""
         self.send_app_message({"type": SIGNALLING_TYPE, "message": PeerLeftMessage().model_dump()})
         await self._close()
 
     async def _close(self):
+        """Close the peer connection and cleanup resources."""
         if self._pc:
             await self._pc.close()
         self._message_queue.clear()
@@ -305,6 +430,12 @@ class SmallWebRTCConnection(BaseObject):
         self._track_map = {}
 
     def get_answer(self):
+        """Get the SDP answer for the current connection.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary containing SDP answer, type, and peer connection ID,
+            or None if no answer is available.
+        """
         if not self._answer:
             return None
 
@@ -315,6 +446,7 @@ class SmallWebRTCConnection(BaseObject):
         }
 
     async def _handle_new_connection_state(self):
+        """Handle changes in the peer connection state."""
         state = self._pc.connectionState
         if state == "connected" and not self._connect_invoked:
             # We are going to wait until the pipeline is ready before triggering the event
@@ -328,7 +460,12 @@ class SmallWebRTCConnection(BaseObject):
     # Despite the fact that aiortc provides this listener, they don't have a status for "disconnected"
     # So, there is no advantage in looking at self._pc.connectionState
     # That is why we are trying to keep our own state
-    def is_connected(self):
+    def is_connected(self) -> bool:
+        """Check if the WebRTC connection is currently active.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if the connection is active and receiving data.
+        """
         # If the small webrtc transport has never invoked to connect
         # we are acting like if we are not connected
         if not self._connect_invoked:
@@ -342,6 +479,11 @@ class SmallWebRTCConnection(BaseObject):
         return (time.time() - self._last_received_time) < 3
 
     def audio_input_track(self):
+        """Get the audio input track wrapper.
+
+        Returns:
+            SmallWebRTCTrack wrapper for the audio track, or None if unavailable.
+        """
         if self._track_map.get(AUDIO_TRANSCEIVER_INDEX):
             return self._track_map[AUDIO_TRANSCEIVER_INDEX]
 
@@ -359,6 +501,11 @@ class SmallWebRTCConnection(BaseObject):
         return audio_track
 
     def video_input_track(self):
+        """Get the video input track wrapper.
+
+        Returns:
+            SmallWebRTCTrack wrapper for the video track, or None if unavailable.
+        """
         if self._track_map.get(VIDEO_TRANSCEIVER_INDEX):
             return self._track_map[VIDEO_TRANSCEIVER_INDEX]
 
@@ -376,6 +523,11 @@ class SmallWebRTCConnection(BaseObject):
         return video_track
 
     def send_app_message(self, message: Any):
+        """Send an application message through the data channel.
+
+        Args:
+            message: The message to send (will be JSON serialized).
+        """
         json_message = json.dumps(message)
         if self._data_channel and self._data_channel.readyState == "open":
             self._data_channel.send(json_message)
@@ -384,6 +536,7 @@ class SmallWebRTCConnection(BaseObject):
             self._message_queue.append(json_message)
 
     def ask_to_renegotiate(self):
+        """Request renegotiation of the WebRTC connection."""
         if self._renegotiation_in_progress:
             return
 
@@ -393,6 +546,7 @@ class SmallWebRTCConnection(BaseObject):
         )
 
     def _handle_signalling_message(self, message):
+        """Handle incoming signaling messages."""
         logger.debug(f"Signalling message received: {message}")
         inbound_adapter = TypeAdapter(SignallingMessage.Inbound)
         signalling_message = inbound_adapter.validate_python(message)

src/pipecat/transports/network/websocket_client.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""WebSocket client transport implementation for Pipecat.
+
+This module provides a WebSocket client transport that enables bidirectional
+communication over WebSocket connections, with support for audio streaming,
+frame serialization, and connection management.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 import io
 import time
@@ -34,17 +41,38 @@ from pipecat.utils.asyncio.task_manager import BaseTaskManager
 
 
 class WebsocketClientParams(TransportParams):
+    """Configuration parameters for WebSocket client transport.
+
+    Parameters:
+        add_wav_header: Whether to add WAV headers to audio frames.
+        serializer: Frame serializer for encoding/decoding messages.
+    """
+
     add_wav_header: bool = True
     serializer: Optional[FrameSerializer] = None
 
 
 class WebsocketClientCallbacks(BaseModel):
+    """Callback functions for WebSocket client events.
+
+    Parameters:
+        on_connected: Called when WebSocket connection is established.
+        on_disconnected: Called when WebSocket connection is closed.
+        on_message: Called when a message is received from the WebSocket.
+    """
+
     on_connected: Callable[[websockets.WebSocketClientProtocol], Awaitable[None]]
     on_disconnected: Callable[[websockets.WebSocketClientProtocol], Awaitable[None]]
     on_message: Callable[[websockets.WebSocketClientProtocol, websockets.Data], Awaitable[None]]
 
 
 class WebsocketClientSession:
+    """Manages a WebSocket client connection session.
+
+    Handles connection lifecycle, message sending/receiving, and provides
+    callback mechanisms for connection events.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         uri: str,
@@ -52,6 +80,14 @@ class WebsocketClientSession:
         callbacks: WebsocketClientCallbacks,
         transport_name: str,
     ):
+        """Initialize the WebSocket client session.
+
+        Args:
+            uri: The WebSocket URI to connect to.
+            params: Configuration parameters for the session.
+            callbacks: Callback functions for session events.
+            transport_name: Name of the parent transport for logging.
+        """
         self._uri = uri
         self._params = params
         self._callbacks = callbacks
@@ -63,6 +99,14 @@ class WebsocketClientSession:
 
     @property
     def task_manager(self) -> BaseTaskManager:
+        """Get the task manager for this session.
+
+        Returns:
+            The task manager instance.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If task manager is not initialized.
+        """
         if not self._task_manager:
             raise Exception(
                 f"{self._transport_name}::WebsocketClientSession: TaskManager not initialized (pipeline not started?)"
@@ -70,11 +114,17 @@ class WebsocketClientSession:
         return self._task_manager
 
     async def setup(self, task_manager: BaseTaskManager):
+        """Set up the session with a task manager.
+
+        Args:
+            task_manager: The task manager to use for session tasks.
+        """
         self._leave_counter += 1
         if not self._task_manager:
             self._task_manager = task_manager
 
     async def connect(self):
+        """Connect to the WebSocket server."""
         if self._websocket:
             return
 
@@ -89,6 +139,7 @@ class WebsocketClientSession:
             logger.error(f"Timeout connecting to {self._uri}")
 
     async def disconnect(self):
+        """Disconnect from the WebSocket server."""
         self._leave_counter -= 1
         if not self._websocket or self._leave_counter > 0:
             return
@@ -99,6 +150,11 @@ class WebsocketClientSession:
         self._websocket = None
 
     async def send(self, message: websockets.Data):
+        """Send a message through the WebSocket connection.
+
+        Args:
+            message: The message data to send.
+        """
         try:
             if self._websocket:
                 await self._websocket.send(message)
@@ -106,6 +162,7 @@ class WebsocketClientSession:
             logger.error(f"{self} exception sending data: {e.__class__.__name__} ({e})")
 
     async def _client_task_handler(self):
+        """Handle incoming messages from the WebSocket connection."""
         try:
             # Handle incoming messages
             async for message in self._websocket:
@@ -116,16 +173,30 @@ class WebsocketClientSession:
         await self._callbacks.on_disconnected(self._websocket)
 
     def __str__(self):
+        """String representation of the WebSocket client session."""
         return f"{self._transport_name}::WebsocketClientSession"
 
 
 class WebsocketClientInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
+    """WebSocket client input transport for receiving frames.
+
+    Handles incoming WebSocket messages, deserializes them to frames,
+    and pushes them downstream in the processing pipeline.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         transport: BaseTransport,
         session: WebsocketClientSession,
         params: WebsocketClientParams,
     ):
+        """Initialize the WebSocket client input transport.
+
+        Args:
+            transport: The parent transport instance.
+            session: The WebSocket session to use for communication.
+            params: Configuration parameters for the transport.
+        """
         super().__init__(params)
 
         self._transport = transport
@@ -136,10 +207,20 @@ class WebsocketClientInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
         self._initialized = False
 
     async def setup(self, setup: FrameProcessorSetup):
+        """Set up the input transport with the frame processor setup.
+
+        Args:
+            setup: The frame processor setup configuration.
+        """
         await super().setup(setup)
         await self._session.setup(setup.task_manager)
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the input transport and initialize the WebSocket connection.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         await super().start(frame)
 
         if self._initialized:
@@ -153,18 +234,35 @@ class WebsocketClientInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
         await self.set_transport_ready(frame)
 
     async def stop(self, frame: EndFrame):
+        """Stop the input transport and disconnect from WebSocket.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The end frame signaling transport shutdown.
+        """
         await super().stop(frame)
         await self._session.disconnect()
 
     async def cancel(self, frame: CancelFrame):
+        """Cancel the input transport and disconnect from WebSocket.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The cancel frame signaling immediate cancellation.
+        """
         await super().cancel(frame)
         await self._session.disconnect()
 
     async def cleanup(self):
+        """Clean up the input transport resources."""
         await super().cleanup()
         await self._transport.cleanup()
 
     async def on_message(self, websocket, message):
+        """Handle incoming WebSocket messages.
+
+        Args:
+            websocket: The WebSocket connection that received the message.
+            message: The received message data.
+        """
         if not self._params.serializer:
             return
         frame = await self._params.serializer.deserialize(message)
@@ -177,12 +275,25 @@ class WebsocketClientInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
 
 
 class WebsocketClientOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
+    """WebSocket client output transport for sending frames.
+
+    Handles outgoing frames, serializes them for WebSocket transmission,
+    and manages audio streaming with proper timing simulation.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         transport: BaseTransport,
         session: WebsocketClientSession,
         params: WebsocketClientParams,
     ):
+        """Initialize the WebSocket client output transport.
+
+        Args:
+            transport: The parent transport instance.
+            session: The WebSocket session to use for communication.
+            params: Configuration parameters for the transport.
+        """
         super().__init__(params)
 
         self._transport = transport
@@ -201,10 +312,20 @@ class WebsocketClientOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         self._initialized = False
 
     async def setup(self, setup: FrameProcessorSetup):
+        """Set up the output transport with the frame processor setup.
+
+        Args:
+            setup: The frame processor setup configuration.
+        """
         await super().setup(setup)
         await self._session.setup(setup.task_manager)
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the output transport and initialize the WebSocket connection.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         await super().start(frame)
 
         if self._initialized:
@@ -219,21 +340,42 @@ class WebsocketClientOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         await self.set_transport_ready(frame)
 
     async def stop(self, frame: EndFrame):
+        """Stop the output transport and disconnect from WebSocket.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The end frame signaling transport shutdown.
+        """
         await super().stop(frame)
         await self._session.disconnect()
 
     async def cancel(self, frame: CancelFrame):
+        """Cancel the output transport and disconnect from WebSocket.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The cancel frame signaling immediate cancellation.
+        """
         await super().cancel(frame)
         await self._session.disconnect()
 
     async def cleanup(self):
+        """Clean up the output transport resources."""
         await super().cleanup()
         await self._transport.cleanup()
 
     async def send_message(self, frame: TransportMessageFrame | TransportMessageUrgentFrame):
+        """Send a transport message through the WebSocket.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The transport message frame to send.
+        """
         await self._write_frame(frame)
 
     async def write_audio_frame(self, frame: OutputAudioRawFrame):
+        """Write an audio frame to the WebSocket with optional WAV header.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The output audio frame to write.
+        """
         frame = OutputAudioRawFrame(
             audio=frame.audio,
             sample_rate=self.sample_rate,
@@ -260,6 +402,7 @@ class WebsocketClientOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         await self._write_audio_sleep()
 
     async def _write_frame(self, frame: Frame):
+        """Write a frame to the WebSocket after serialization."""
         if not self._params.serializer:
             return
         payload = await self._params.serializer.serialize(frame)
@@ -267,6 +410,7 @@ class WebsocketClientOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
             await self._session.send(payload)
 
     async def _write_audio_sleep(self):
+        """Simulate audio playback timing with sleep delays."""
         # Simulate a clock.
         current_time = time.monotonic()
         sleep_duration = max(0, self._next_send_time - current_time)
@@ -278,11 +422,23 @@ class WebsocketClientOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
 
 
 class WebsocketClientTransport(BaseTransport):
+    """WebSocket client transport for bidirectional communication.
+
+    Provides a complete WebSocket client transport implementation with
+    input and output capabilities, connection management, and event handling.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         uri: str,
         params: Optional[WebsocketClientParams] = None,
     ):
+        """Initialize the WebSocket client transport.
+
+        Args:
+            uri: The WebSocket URI to connect to.
+            params: Optional configuration parameters for the transport.
+        """
         super().__init__()
 
         self._params = params or WebsocketClientParams()
@@ -304,21 +460,34 @@ class WebsocketClientTransport(BaseTransport):
         self._register_event_handler("on_disconnected")
 
     def input(self) -> WebsocketClientInputTransport:
+        """Get the input transport for receiving frames.
+
+        Returns:
+            The WebSocket client input transport instance.
+        """
         if not self._input:
             self._input = WebsocketClientInputTransport(self, self._session, self._params)
         return self._input
 
     def output(self) -> WebsocketClientOutputTransport:
+        """Get the output transport for sending frames.
+
+        Returns:
+            The WebSocket client output transport instance.
+        """
         if not self._output:
             self._output = WebsocketClientOutputTransport(self, self._session, self._params)
         return self._output
 
     async def _on_connected(self, websocket):
+        """Handle WebSocket connection established event."""
         await self._call_event_handler("on_connected", websocket)
 
     async def _on_disconnected(self, websocket):
+        """Handle WebSocket connection closed event."""
         await self._call_event_handler("on_disconnected", websocket)
 
     async def _on_message(self, websocket, message):
+        """Handle incoming WebSocket message."""
         if self._input:
             await self._input.on_message(websocket, message)

src/pipecat/transports/network/websocket_server.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""WebSocket server transport implementation for Pipecat.
+
+This module provides WebSocket server transport functionality for real-time
+audio and data streaming, including client connection management, session
+handling, and frame serialization.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 import io
 import time
@@ -39,12 +46,29 @@ except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
 
 
 class WebsocketServerParams(TransportParams):
+    """Configuration parameters for WebSocket server transport.
+
+    Parameters:
+        add_wav_header: Whether to add WAV headers to audio frames.
+        serializer: Frame serializer for message encoding/decoding.
+        session_timeout: Timeout in seconds for client sessions.
+    """
+
     add_wav_header: bool = False
     serializer: Optional[FrameSerializer] = None
     session_timeout: Optional[int] = None
 
 
 class WebsocketServerCallbacks(BaseModel):
+    """Callback functions for WebSocket server events.
+
+    Parameters:
+        on_client_connected: Called when a client connects to the server.
+        on_client_disconnected: Called when a client disconnects from the server.
+        on_session_timeout: Called when a client session times out.
+        on_websocket_ready: Called when the WebSocket server is ready to accept connections.
+    """
+
     on_client_connected: Callable[[websockets.WebSocketServerProtocol], Awaitable[None]]
     on_client_disconnected: Callable[[websockets.WebSocketServerProtocol], Awaitable[None]]
     on_session_timeout: Callable[[websockets.WebSocketServerProtocol], Awaitable[None]]
@@ -52,6 +76,12 @@ class WebsocketServerCallbacks(BaseModel):
 
 
 class WebsocketServerInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
+    """WebSocket server input transport for receiving client data.
+
+    Handles incoming WebSocket connections, message processing, and client
+    session management including timeout monitoring and connection lifecycle.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         transport: BaseTransport,
@@ -61,6 +91,16 @@ class WebsocketServerInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
         callbacks: WebsocketServerCallbacks,
         **kwargs,
     ):
+        """Initialize the WebSocket server input transport.
+
+        Args:
+            transport: The parent transport instance.
+            host: Host address to bind the WebSocket server to.
+            port: Port number to bind the WebSocket server to.
+            params: WebSocket server configuration parameters.
+            callbacks: Callback functions for WebSocket events.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to parent class.
+        """
         super().__init__(params, **kwargs)
 
         self._transport = transport
@@ -82,6 +122,11 @@ class WebsocketServerInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
         self._initialized = False
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the WebSocket server and initialize components.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         await super().start(frame)
 
         if self._initialized:
@@ -96,6 +141,11 @@ class WebsocketServerInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
         await self.set_transport_ready(frame)
 
     async def stop(self, frame: EndFrame):
+        """Stop the WebSocket server and cleanup resources.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The end frame signaling transport shutdown.
+        """
         await super().stop(frame)
         self._stop_server_event.set()
         if self._monitor_task:
@@ -106,6 +156,11 @@ class WebsocketServerInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
             self._server_task = None
 
     async def cancel(self, frame: CancelFrame):
+        """Cancel the WebSocket server and stop all processing.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The cancel frame signaling immediate cancellation.
+        """
         await super().cancel(frame)
         if self._monitor_task:
             await self.cancel_task(self._monitor_task)
@@ -115,16 +170,19 @@ class WebsocketServerInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
             self._server_task = None
 
     async def cleanup(self):
+        """Cleanup resources and parent transport."""
         await super().cleanup()
         await self._transport.cleanup()
 
     async def _server_task_handler(self):
+        """Handle WebSocket server startup and client connections."""
         logger.info(f"Starting websocket server on {self._host}:{self._port}")
         async with websockets.serve(self._client_handler, self._host, self._port) as server:
             await self._callbacks.on_websocket_ready()
             await self._stop_server_event.wait()
 
     async def _client_handler(self, websocket: websockets.WebSocketServerProtocol, path):
+        """Handle individual client connections and message processing."""
         logger.info(f"New client connection from {websocket.remote_address}")
         if self._websocket:
             await self._websocket.close()
@@ -170,9 +228,7 @@ class WebsocketServerInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
     async def _monitor_websocket(
         self, websocket: websockets.WebSocketServerProtocol, session_timeout: int
     ):
-        """Wait for session_timeout seconds, if the websocket is still open,
+        """Monitor WebSocket connection for session timeout."""
-        trigger timeout event.
-        """
         try:
             await asyncio.sleep(session_timeout)
             if not websocket.closed:
@@ -183,7 +239,20 @@ class WebsocketServerInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
 
 
 class WebsocketServerOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
+    """WebSocket server output transport for sending data to clients.
+
+    Handles outgoing frame serialization, audio streaming with timing control,
+    and client connection management for WebSocket communication.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self, transport: BaseTransport, params: WebsocketServerParams, **kwargs):
+        """Initialize the WebSocket server output transport.
+
+        Args:
+            transport: The parent transport instance.
+            params: WebSocket server configuration parameters.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to parent class.
+        """
         super().__init__(params, **kwargs)
 
         self._transport = transport
@@ -203,12 +272,22 @@ class WebsocketServerOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         self._initialized = False
 
     async def set_client_connection(self, websocket: Optional[websockets.WebSocketServerProtocol]):
+        """Set the active client WebSocket connection.
+
+        Args:
+            websocket: The WebSocket connection to set as active, or None to clear.
+        """
         if self._websocket:
             await self._websocket.close()
             logger.warning("Only one client allowed, using new connection")
         self._websocket = websocket
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the output transport and initialize components.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         await super().start(frame)
 
         if self._initialized:
@@ -222,18 +301,35 @@ class WebsocketServerOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         await self.set_transport_ready(frame)
 
     async def stop(self, frame: EndFrame):
+        """Stop the output transport and send final frame.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The end frame signaling transport shutdown.
+        """
         await super().stop(frame)
         await self._write_frame(frame)
 
     async def cancel(self, frame: CancelFrame):
+        """Cancel the output transport and send cancellation frame.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The cancel frame signaling immediate cancellation.
+        """
         await super().cancel(frame)
         await self._write_frame(frame)
 
     async def cleanup(self):
+        """Cleanup resources and parent transport."""
         await super().cleanup()
         await self._transport.cleanup()
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        """Process frames and handle interruption timing.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to process.
+            direction: The direction of frame flow in the pipeline.
+        """
         await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
 
         if isinstance(frame, StartInterruptionFrame):
@@ -241,9 +337,19 @@ class WebsocketServerOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
             self._next_send_time = 0
 
     async def send_message(self, frame: TransportMessageFrame | TransportMessageUrgentFrame):
+        """Send a transport message frame to the client.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The transport message frame to send.
+        """
         await self._write_frame(frame)
 
     async def write_audio_frame(self, frame: OutputAudioRawFrame):
+        """Write an audio frame to the WebSocket client with timing control.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The output audio frame to write.
+        """
         if not self._websocket:
             # Simulate audio playback with a sleep.
             await self._write_audio_sleep()
@@ -275,6 +381,7 @@ class WebsocketServerOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         await self._write_audio_sleep()
 
     async def _write_frame(self, frame: Frame):
+        """Serialize and send a frame to the WebSocket client."""
         if not self._params.serializer:
             return
 
@@ -286,6 +393,7 @@ class WebsocketServerOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
             logger.error(f"{self} exception sending data: {e.__class__.__name__} ({e})")
 
     async def _write_audio_sleep(self):
+        """Simulate audio device timing by sleeping between audio chunks."""
         # Simulate a clock.
         current_time = time.monotonic()
         sleep_duration = max(0, self._next_send_time - current_time)
@@ -297,6 +405,13 @@ class WebsocketServerOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
 
 
 class WebsocketServerTransport(BaseTransport):
+    """WebSocket server transport for bidirectional real-time communication.
+
+    Provides a complete WebSocket server implementation with separate input and
+    output transports, client connection management, and event handling for
+    real-time audio and data streaming applications.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         params: WebsocketServerParams,
@@ -305,6 +420,15 @@ class WebsocketServerTransport(BaseTransport):
         input_name: Optional[str] = None,
         output_name: Optional[str] = None,
     ):
+        """Initialize the WebSocket server transport.
+
+        Args:
+            params: WebSocket server configuration parameters.
+            host: Host address to bind the server to. Defaults to "localhost".
+            port: Port number to bind the server to. Defaults to 8765.
+            input_name: Optional name for the input processor.
+            output_name: Optional name for the output processor.
+        """
         super().__init__(input_name=input_name, output_name=output_name)
         self._host = host
         self._port = port
@@ -328,6 +452,11 @@ class WebsocketServerTransport(BaseTransport):
         self._register_event_handler("on_websocket_ready")
 
     def input(self) -> WebsocketServerInputTransport:
+        """Get the input transport for receiving client data.
+
+        Returns:
+            The WebSocket server input transport instance.
+        """
         if not self._input:
             self._input = WebsocketServerInputTransport(
                 self, self._host, self._port, self._params, self._callbacks, name=self._input_name
@@ -335,6 +464,11 @@ class WebsocketServerTransport(BaseTransport):
         return self._input
 
     def output(self) -> WebsocketServerOutputTransport:
+        """Get the output transport for sending data to clients.
+
+        Returns:
+            The WebSocket server output transport instance.
+        """
         if not self._output:
             self._output = WebsocketServerOutputTransport(
                 self, self._params, name=self._output_name
@@ -342,6 +476,7 @@ class WebsocketServerTransport(BaseTransport):
         return self._output
 
     async def _on_client_connected(self, websocket):
+        """Handle client connection events."""
         if self._output:
             await self._output.set_client_connection(websocket)
             await self._call_event_handler("on_client_connected", websocket)
@@ -349,6 +484,7 @@ class WebsocketServerTransport(BaseTransport):
             logger.error("A WebsocketServerTransport output is missing in the pipeline")
 
     async def _on_client_disconnected(self, websocket):
+        """Handle client disconnection events."""
         if self._output:
             await self._output.set_client_connection(None)
             await self._call_event_handler("on_client_disconnected", websocket)
@@ -356,7 +492,9 @@ class WebsocketServerTransport(BaseTransport):
             logger.error("A WebsocketServerTransport output is missing in the pipeline")
 
     async def _on_session_timeout(self, websocket):
+        """Handle client session timeout events."""
         await self._call_event_handler("on_session_timeout", websocket)
 
     async def _on_websocket_ready(self):
+        """Handle WebSocket server ready events."""
         await self._call_event_handler("on_websocket_ready")

src/pipecat/transports/services/helpers/daily_rest.py

@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@ from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, ValidationError
 class DailyRoomSipParams(BaseModel):
     """SIP configuration parameters for Daily rooms.
 
-    Attributes:
+    Parameters:
-        display_name: Name shown for the SIP endpoint
+        display_name: Name shown for the SIP endpoint.
-        video: Whether video is enabled for SIP
+        video: Whether video is enabled for SIP.
-        sip_mode: SIP connection mode, typically 'dial-in'
+        sip_mode: SIP connection mode, typically 'dial-in'.
-        num_endpoints: Number of allowed SIP endpoints
+        num_endpoints: Number of allowed SIP endpoints.
     """
 
     display_name: str = "sw-sip-dialin"
@@ -38,6 +38,12 @@ class RecordingsBucketConfig(BaseModel):
 
     Refer to the Daily API documentation for more information:
     https://docs.daily.co/guides/products/live-streaming-recording/storing-recordings-in-a-custom-s3-bucket
+
+    Parameters:
+        bucket_name: Name of the S3 bucket for storing recordings.
+        bucket_region: AWS region where the S3 bucket is located.
+        assume_role_arn: ARN of the IAM role to assume for S3 access.
+        allow_api_access: Whether to allow API access to the recordings.
     """
 
     bucket_name: str
@@ -49,21 +55,22 @@ class RecordingsBucketConfig(BaseModel):
 class DailyRoomProperties(BaseModel, extra="allow"):
     """Properties for configuring a Daily room.
 
-    Attributes:
-        exp: Optional Unix epoch timestamp for room expiration (e.g., time.time() + 300 for 5 minutes)
-        enable_chat: Whether chat is enabled in the room
-        enable_prejoin_ui: Whether the pre-join UI is enabled
-        enable_emoji_reactions: Whether emoji reactions are enabled
-        eject_at_room_exp: Whether to remove participants when room expires
-        enable_dialout: Whether SIP dial-out is enabled
-        enable_recording: Recording settings ('cloud', 'local', 'raw-tracks')
-        geo: Geographic region for room
-        max_participants: Maximum number of participants allowed in the room
-        sip: SIP configuration parameters
-        sip_uri: SIP URI information returned by Daily
-        start_video_off: Whether video is off by default
-
     Reference: https://docs.daily.co/reference/rest-api/rooms/create-room#properties
+
+    Parameters:
+        exp: Optional Unix epoch timestamp for room expiration (e.g., time.time() + 300 for 5 minutes).
+        enable_chat: Whether chat is enabled in the room.
+        enable_prejoin_ui: Whether the pre-join UI is enabled.
+        enable_emoji_reactions: Whether emoji reactions are enabled.
+        eject_at_room_exp: Whether to remove participants when room expires.
+        enable_dialout: Whether SIP dial-out is enabled.
+        enable_recording: Recording settings ('cloud', 'local', 'raw-tracks').
+        geo: Geographic region for room.
+        max_participants: Maximum number of participants allowed in the room.
+        recordings_bucket: Configuration for custom S3 bucket recordings.
+        sip: SIP configuration parameters.
+        sip_uri: SIP URI information returned by Daily.
+        start_video_off: Whether video is off by default.
     """
 
     exp: Optional[float] = None
@@ -85,7 +92,7 @@ class DailyRoomProperties(BaseModel, extra="allow"):
         """Get the SIP endpoint URI if available.
 
         Returns:
-            str: SIP endpoint URI or empty string if not available
+            SIP endpoint URI or empty string if not available.
         """
         if not self.sip_uri:
             return ""
@@ -96,10 +103,10 @@ class DailyRoomProperties(BaseModel, extra="allow"):
 class DailyRoomParams(BaseModel):
     """Parameters for creating a Daily room.
 
-    Attributes:
+    Parameters:
-        name: Optional custom name for the room
+        name: Optional custom name for the room.
-        privacy: Room privacy setting ('private' or 'public')
+        privacy: Room privacy setting ('private' or 'public').
-        properties: Room configuration properties
+        properties: Room configuration properties.
     """
 
     name: Optional[str] = None
@@ -110,14 +117,14 @@ class DailyRoomParams(BaseModel):
 class DailyRoomObject(BaseModel):
     """Represents a Daily room returned by the API.
 
-    Attributes:
+    Parameters:
-        id: Unique room identifier
+        id: Unique room identifier.
-        name: Room name
+        name: Room name.
-        api_created: Whether room was created via API
+        api_created: Whether room was created via API.
-        privacy: Room privacy setting ('private' or 'public')
+        privacy: Room privacy setting ('private' or 'public').
-        url: Full URL for joining the room
+        url: Full URL for joining the room.
         created_at: Timestamp of room creation in ISO 8601 format (e.g., "2019-01-26T09:01:22.000Z").
-        config: Room configuration properties
+        config: Room configuration properties.
     """
 
     id: str
@@ -134,71 +141,40 @@ class DailyMeetingTokenProperties(BaseModel):
 
     Refer to the Daily API documentation for more information:
     https://docs.daily.co/reference/rest-api/meeting-tokens/create-meeting-token#properties
+
+    Parameters:
+        room_name: The room for which this token is valid. If not set, the token is valid for all rooms in your domain.
+        eject_at_token_exp: If True, the user will be ejected from the room when the token expires.
+        eject_after_elapsed: The number of seconds after which the user will be ejected from the room.
+        nbf: Not before timestamp - users cannot join with this token before this time.
+        exp: Expiration time (unix timestamp in seconds). Strongly recommended for security.
+        is_owner: If True, the token will grant owner privileges in the room.
+        user_name: The name of the user. This will be added to the token payload.
+        user_id: A unique identifier for the user. This will be added to the token payload.
+        enable_screenshare: If True, the user will be able to share their screen.
+        start_video_off: If True, the user's video will be turned off when they join the room.
+        start_audio_off: If True, the user's audio will be turned off when they join the room.
+        enable_recording: Recording settings for the token. Must be one of 'cloud', 'local' or 'raw-tracks'.
+        enable_prejoin_ui: If True, the user will see the prejoin UI before joining the room.
+        start_cloud_recording: Start cloud recording when the user joins the room.
+        permissions: Specifies the initial default permissions for a non-meeting-owner participant.
     """
 
-    room_name: Optional[str] = Field(
+    room_name: Optional[str] = None
-        default=None,
+    eject_at_token_exp: Optional[bool] = None
-        description="The room for which this token is valid. If not set, the token is valid for all rooms in your domain. You should always set room_name if using this token to control meeting access.",
+    eject_after_elapsed: Optional[int] = None
-    )
+    nbf: Optional[int] = None
-
+    exp: Optional[int] = None
-    eject_at_token_exp: Optional[bool] = Field(
+    is_owner: Optional[bool] = None
-        default=None,
+    user_name: Optional[str] = None
-        description="If `true`, the user will be ejected from the room when the token expires. Defaults to `false`.",
+    user_id: Optional[str] = None
-    )
+    enable_screenshare: Optional[bool] = None
-    eject_after_elapsed: Optional[int] = Field(
+    start_video_off: Optional[bool] = None
-        default=None,
+    start_audio_off: Optional[bool] = None
-        description="The number of seconds after which the user will be ejected from the room. If not provided, the user will not be ejected based on elapsed time.",
+    enable_recording: Optional[Literal["cloud", "local", "raw-tracks"]] = None
-    )
+    enable_prejoin_ui: Optional[bool] = None
-
+    start_cloud_recording: Optional[bool] = None
-    nbf: Optional[int] = Field(
+    permissions: Optional[dict] = None
-        default=None,
-        description="Not before. This is a unix timestamp (seconds since the epoch.) Users cannot join a meeting in with this token before this time.",
-    )
-
-    exp: Optional[int] = Field(
-        default=None,
-        description="Expiration time (unix timestamp in seconds). We strongly recommend setting this value for security. If not set, the token will not expire. Refer docs for more info.",
-    )
-    is_owner: Optional[bool] = Field(
-        default=None,
-        description="If `true`, the token will grant owner privileges in the room. Defaults to `false`.",
-    )
-    user_name: Optional[str] = Field(
-        default=None,
-        description="The name of the user. This will be added to the token payload.",
-    )
-    user_id: Optional[str] = Field(
-        default=None,
-        description="A unique identifier for the user. This will be added to the token payload.",
-    )
-    enable_screenshare: Optional[bool] = Field(
-        default=None,
-        description="If `true`, the user will be able to share their screen. Defaults to `true`.",
-    )
-    start_video_off: Optional[bool] = Field(
-        default=None,
-        description="If `true`, the user's video will be turned off when they join the room. Defaults to `false`.",
-    )
-    start_audio_off: Optional[bool] = Field(
-        default=None,
-        description="If `true`, the user's audio will be turned off when they join the room. Defaults to `false`.",
-    )
-    enable_recording: Optional[Literal["cloud", "local", "raw-tracks"]] = Field(
-        default=None,
-        description="Recording settings for the token. Must be one of `cloud`, `local` or `raw-tracks`.",
-    )
-    enable_prejoin_ui: Optional[bool] = Field(
-        default=None,
-        description="If `true`, the user will see the prejoin UI before joining the room.",
-    )
-    start_cloud_recording: Optional[bool] = Field(
-        default=None,
-        description="Start cloud recording when the user joins the room. This can be used to always record and archive meetings, for example in a customer support context.",
-    )
-    permissions: Optional[dict] = Field(
-        default=None,
-        description="Specifies the initial default permissions for a non-meeting-owner participant joining a call.",
-    )
 
 
 class DailyMeetingTokenParams(BaseModel):
@@ -206,6 +182,9 @@ class DailyMeetingTokenParams(BaseModel):
 
     Refer to the Daily API documentation for more information:
     https://docs.daily.co/reference/rest-api/meeting-tokens/create-meeting-token#body-params
+
+    Parameters:
+        properties: Meeting token configuration properties.
     """
 
     properties: DailyMeetingTokenProperties = Field(default_factory=DailyMeetingTokenProperties)
@@ -215,11 +194,6 @@ class DailyRESTHelper:
     """Helper class for interacting with Daily's REST API.
 
     Provides methods for creating, managing, and accessing Daily rooms.
-
-    Args:
-        daily_api_key: Your Daily API key
-        daily_api_url: Daily API base URL (e.g. "https://api.daily.co/v1")
-        aiohttp_session: Async HTTP session for making requests
     """
 
     def __init__(
@@ -229,7 +203,13 @@ class DailyRESTHelper:
         daily_api_url: str = "https://api.daily.co/v1",
         aiohttp_session: aiohttp.ClientSession,
     ):
-        """Initialize the Daily REST helper."""
+        """Initialize the Daily REST helper.
+
+        Args:
+            daily_api_key: Your Daily API key.
+            daily_api_url: Daily API base URL (e.g. "https://api.daily.co/v1").
+            aiohttp_session: Async HTTP session for making requests.
+        """
         self.daily_api_key = daily_api_key
         self.daily_api_url = daily_api_url
         self.aiohttp_session = aiohttp_session
@@ -238,10 +218,10 @@ class DailyRESTHelper:
         """Extract room name from a Daily room URL.
 
         Args:
-            room_url: Full Daily room URL
+            room_url: Full Daily room URL.
 
         Returns:
-            str: Room name portion of the URL
+            Room name portion of the URL.
         """
         return urlparse(room_url).path[1:]
 
@@ -249,10 +229,10 @@ class DailyRESTHelper:
         """Get room details from a Daily room URL.
 
         Args:
-            room_url: Full Daily room URL
+            room_url: Full Daily room URL.
 
         Returns:
-            DailyRoomObject: DailyRoomObject instance for the room
+            DailyRoomObject instance for the room.
         """
         room_name = self.get_name_from_url(room_url)
         return await self._get_room_from_name(room_name)
@@ -261,13 +241,13 @@ class DailyRESTHelper:
         """Create a new Daily room.
 
         Args:
-            params: Room configuration parameters
+            params: Room configuration parameters.
 
         Returns:
-            DailyRoomObject: DailyRoomObject instance for the created room
+            DailyRoomObject instance for the created room.
 
         Raises:
-            Exception: If room creation fails or response is invalid
+            Exception: If room creation fails or response is invalid.
         """
         headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {self.daily_api_key}"}
         json = params.model_dump(exclude_none=True)
@@ -298,19 +278,19 @@ class DailyRESTHelper:
         """Generate a meeting token for user to join a Daily room.
 
         Args:
-            room_url: Daily room URL
+            room_url: Daily room URL.
-            expiry_time: Token validity duration in seconds (default: 1 hour)
+            expiry_time: Token validity duration in seconds (default: 1 hour).
-            eject_at_token_exp: Whether to eject user when token expires
+            eject_at_token_exp: Whether to eject user when token expires.
-            owner: Whether token has owner privileges
+            owner: Whether token has owner privileges.
             params: Optional additional token properties. Note that room_name,
                 exp, and is_owner will be set based on the other function
                 parameters regardless of values in params.
 
         Returns:
-            str: Meeting token
+            Meeting token.
 
         Raises:
-            Exception: If token generation fails or room URL is missing
+            Exception: If token generation fails or room URL is missing.
         """
         if not room_url:
             raise Exception(
@@ -355,10 +335,10 @@ class DailyRESTHelper:
         """Delete a room using its URL.
 
         Args:
-            room_url: Daily room URL
+            room_url: Daily room URL.
 
         Returns:
-            bool: True if deletion was successful
+            True if deletion was successful.
         """
         room_name = self.get_name_from_url(room_url)
         return await self.delete_room_by_name(room_name)
@@ -367,13 +347,13 @@ class DailyRESTHelper:
         """Delete a room using its name.
 
         Args:
-            room_name: Name of the room to delete
+            room_name: Name of the room to delete.
 
         Returns:
-            bool: True if deletion was successful
+            True if deletion was successful.
 
         Raises:
-            Exception: If deletion fails (excluding 404 Not Found)
+            Exception: If deletion fails (excluding 404 Not Found).
         """
         headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {self.daily_api_key}"}
         async with self.aiohttp_session.delete(
@@ -386,17 +366,7 @@ class DailyRESTHelper:
         return True
 
     async def _get_room_from_name(self, room_name: str) -> DailyRoomObject:
-        """Internal method to get room details by name.
+        """Internal method to get room details by name."""
-
-        Args:
-            room_name: Name of the room
-
-        Returns:
-            DailyRoomObject: DailyRoomObject instance for the room
-
-        Raises:
-            Exception: If room is not found or response is invalid
-        """
         headers = {"Authorization": f"Bearer {self.daily_api_key}"}
         async with self.aiohttp_session.get(
             f"{self.daily_api_url}/rooms/{room_name}", headers=headers

src/pipecat/transports/services/livekit.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""LiveKit transport implementation for Pipecat.
+
+This module provides comprehensive LiveKit real-time communication integration
+including audio streaming, data messaging, participant management, and room
+event handling for conversational AI applications.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import Any, Awaitable, Callable, List, Optional
@@ -41,19 +48,49 @@ except ModuleNotFoundError as e:
 
 @dataclass
 class LiveKitTransportMessageFrame(TransportMessageFrame):
+    """Frame for transport messages in LiveKit rooms.
+
+    Parameters:
+        participant_id: Optional ID of the participant this message is for/from.
+    """
+
     participant_id: Optional[str] = None
 
 
 @dataclass
 class LiveKitTransportMessageUrgentFrame(TransportMessageUrgentFrame):
+    """Frame for urgent transport messages in LiveKit rooms.
+
+    Parameters:
+        participant_id: Optional ID of the participant this message is for/from.
+    """
+
     participant_id: Optional[str] = None
 
 
 class LiveKitParams(TransportParams):
+    """Configuration parameters for LiveKit transport.
+
+    Inherits all parameters from TransportParams without additional configuration.
+    """
+
     pass
 
 
 class LiveKitCallbacks(BaseModel):
+    """Callback handlers for LiveKit events.
+
+    Parameters:
+        on_connected: Called when connected to the LiveKit room.
+        on_disconnected: Called when disconnected from the LiveKit room.
+        on_participant_connected: Called when a participant joins the room.
+        on_participant_disconnected: Called when a participant leaves the room.
+        on_audio_track_subscribed: Called when an audio track is subscribed.
+        on_audio_track_unsubscribed: Called when an audio track is unsubscribed.
+        on_data_received: Called when data is received from a participant.
+        on_first_participant_joined: Called when the first participant joins.
+    """
+
     on_connected: Callable[[], Awaitable[None]]
     on_disconnected: Callable[[], Awaitable[None]]
     on_participant_connected: Callable[[str], Awaitable[None]]
@@ -65,6 +102,12 @@ class LiveKitCallbacks(BaseModel):
 
 
 class LiveKitTransportClient:
+    """Core client for interacting with LiveKit rooms.
+
+    Manages the connection to LiveKit rooms and handles all low-level API interactions
+    including room management, audio streaming, data messaging, and event handling.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         url: str,
@@ -74,6 +117,16 @@ class LiveKitTransportClient:
         callbacks: LiveKitCallbacks,
         transport_name: str,
     ):
+        """Initialize the LiveKit transport client.
+
+        Args:
+            url: LiveKit server URL to connect to.
+            token: Authentication token for the room.
+            room_name: Name of the LiveKit room to join.
+            params: Configuration parameters for the transport.
+            callbacks: Event callback handlers.
+            transport_name: Name identifier for the transport.
+        """
         self._url = url
         self._token = token
         self._room_name = room_name
@@ -93,15 +146,33 @@ class LiveKitTransportClient:
 
     @property
     def participant_id(self) -> str:
+        """Get the participant ID for this client.
+
+        Returns:
+            The participant ID assigned by LiveKit.
+        """
         return self._participant_id
 
     @property
     def room(self) -> rtc.Room:
+        """Get the LiveKit room instance.
+
+        Returns:
+            The LiveKit room object.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If room object is not available.
+        """
         if not self._room:
             raise Exception(f"{self}: missing room object (pipeline not started?)")
         return self._room
 
     async def setup(self, setup: FrameProcessorSetup):
+        """Setup the client with task manager and room initialization.
+
+        Args:
+            setup: The frame processor setup configuration.
+        """
         if self._task_manager:
             return
 
@@ -118,13 +189,20 @@ class LiveKitTransportClient:
         self.room.on("disconnected")(self._on_disconnected_wrapper)
 
     async def cleanup(self):
+        """Cleanup client resources."""
         await self.disconnect()
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the client and initialize audio components.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         self._out_sample_rate = self._params.audio_out_sample_rate or frame.audio_out_sample_rate
 
     @retry(stop=stop_after_attempt(3), wait=wait_exponential(multiplier=1, min=4, max=10))
     async def connect(self):
+        """Connect to the LiveKit room with retry logic."""
         if self._connected:
             # Increment disconnect counter if already connected.
             self._disconnect_counter += 1
@@ -168,6 +246,7 @@ class LiveKitTransportClient:
             raise
 
     async def disconnect(self):
+        """Disconnect from the LiveKit room."""
         # Decrement leave counter when leaving.
         self._disconnect_counter -= 1
 
@@ -181,6 +260,12 @@ class LiveKitTransportClient:
         await self._callbacks.on_disconnected()
 
     async def send_data(self, data: bytes, participant_id: Optional[str] = None):
+        """Send data to participants in the room.
+
+        Args:
+            data: The data bytes to send.
+            participant_id: Optional specific participant to send to.
+        """
         if not self._connected:
             return
 
@@ -195,6 +280,11 @@ class LiveKitTransportClient:
             logger.error(f"Error sending data: {e}")
 
     async def publish_audio(self, audio_frame: rtc.AudioFrame):
+        """Publish an audio frame to the room.
+
+        Args:
+            audio_frame: The LiveKit audio frame to publish.
+        """
         if not self._connected or not self._audio_source:
             return
 
@@ -204,9 +294,22 @@ class LiveKitTransportClient:
             logger.error(f"Error publishing audio: {e}")
 
     def get_participants(self) -> List[str]:
+        """Get list of participant IDs in the room.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of participant IDs.
+        """
         return [p.sid for p in self.room.remote_participants.values()]
 
     async def get_participant_metadata(self, participant_id: str) -> dict:
+        """Get metadata for a specific participant.
+
+        Args:
+            participant_id: ID of the participant to get metadata for.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary containing participant metadata.
+        """
         participant = self.room.remote_participants.get(participant_id)
         if participant:
             return {
@@ -218,9 +321,19 @@ class LiveKitTransportClient:
         return {}
 
     async def set_participant_metadata(self, metadata: str):
+        """Set metadata for the local participant.
+
+        Args:
+            metadata: Metadata string to set.
+        """
         await self.room.local_participant.set_metadata(metadata)
 
     async def mute_participant(self, participant_id: str):
+        """Mute a specific participant's audio tracks.
+
+        Args:
+            participant_id: ID of the participant to mute.
+        """
         participant = self.room.remote_participants.get(participant_id)
         if participant:
             for track in participant.tracks.values():
@@ -228,6 +341,11 @@ class LiveKitTransportClient:
                     await track.set_enabled(False)
 
     async def unmute_participant(self, participant_id: str):
+        """Unmute a specific participant's audio tracks.
+
+        Args:
+            participant_id: ID of the participant to unmute.
+        """
         participant = self.room.remote_participants.get(participant_id)
         if participant:
             for track in participant.tracks.values():
@@ -236,12 +354,14 @@ class LiveKitTransportClient:
 
     # Wrapper methods for event handlers
     def _on_participant_connected_wrapper(self, participant: rtc.RemoteParticipant):
+        """Wrapper for participant connected events."""
         self._task_manager.create_task(
             self._async_on_participant_connected(participant),
             f"{self}::_async_on_participant_connected",
         )
 
     def _on_participant_disconnected_wrapper(self, participant: rtc.RemoteParticipant):
+        """Wrapper for participant disconnected events."""
         self._task_manager.create_task(
             self._async_on_participant_disconnected(participant),
             f"{self}::_async_on_participant_disconnected",
@@ -253,6 +373,7 @@ class LiveKitTransportClient:
         publication: rtc.RemoteTrackPublication,
         participant: rtc.RemoteParticipant,
     ):
+        """Wrapper for track subscribed events."""
         self._task_manager.create_task(
             self._async_on_track_subscribed(track, publication, participant),
             f"{self}::_async_on_track_subscribed",
@@ -264,27 +385,32 @@ class LiveKitTransportClient:
         publication: rtc.RemoteTrackPublication,
         participant: rtc.RemoteParticipant,
     ):
+        """Wrapper for track unsubscribed events."""
         self._task_manager.create_task(
             self._async_on_track_unsubscribed(track, publication, participant),
             f"{self}::_async_on_track_unsubscribed",
         )
 
     def _on_data_received_wrapper(self, data: rtc.DataPacket):
+        """Wrapper for data received events."""
         self._task_manager.create_task(
             self._async_on_data_received(data),
             f"{self}::_async_on_data_received",
         )
 
     def _on_connected_wrapper(self):
+        """Wrapper for connected events."""
         self._task_manager.create_task(self._async_on_connected(), f"{self}::_async_on_connected")
 
     def _on_disconnected_wrapper(self):
+        """Wrapper for disconnected events."""
         self._task_manager.create_task(
             self._async_on_disconnected(), f"{self}::_async_on_disconnected"
         )
 
     # Async methods for event handling
     async def _async_on_participant_connected(self, participant: rtc.RemoteParticipant):
+        """Handle participant connected events."""
         logger.info(f"Participant connected: {participant.identity}")
         await self._callbacks.on_participant_connected(participant.sid)
         if not self._other_participant_has_joined:
@@ -292,6 +418,7 @@ class LiveKitTransportClient:
             await self._callbacks.on_first_participant_joined(participant.sid)
 
     async def _async_on_participant_disconnected(self, participant: rtc.RemoteParticipant):
+        """Handle participant disconnected events."""
         logger.info(f"Participant disconnected: {participant.identity}")
         await self._callbacks.on_participant_disconnected(participant.sid)
         if len(self.get_participants()) == 0:
@@ -303,6 +430,7 @@ class LiveKitTransportClient:
         publication: rtc.RemoteTrackPublication,
         participant: rtc.RemoteParticipant,
     ):
+        """Handle track subscribed events."""
         if track.kind == rtc.TrackKind.KIND_AUDIO:
             logger.info(f"Audio track subscribed: {track.sid} from participant {participant.sid}")
             self._audio_tracks[participant.sid] = track
@@ -318,22 +446,27 @@ class LiveKitTransportClient:
         publication: rtc.RemoteTrackPublication,
         participant: rtc.RemoteParticipant,
     ):
+        """Handle track unsubscribed events."""
         logger.info(f"Track unsubscribed: {publication.sid} from {participant.identity}")
         if track.kind == rtc.TrackKind.KIND_AUDIO:
             await self._callbacks.on_audio_track_unsubscribed(participant.sid)
 
     async def _async_on_data_received(self, data: rtc.DataPacket):
+        """Handle data received events."""
         await self._callbacks.on_data_received(data.data, data.participant.sid)
 
     async def _async_on_connected(self):
+        """Handle connected events."""
         await self._callbacks.on_connected()
 
     async def _async_on_disconnected(self, reason=None):
+        """Handle disconnected events."""
         self._connected = False
         logger.info(f"Disconnected from {self._room_name}. Reason: {reason}")
         await self._callbacks.on_disconnected()
 
     async def _process_audio_stream(self, audio_stream: rtc.AudioStream, participant_id: str):
+        """Process incoming audio stream from a participant."""
         logger.info(f"Started processing audio stream for participant {participant_id}")
         async for event in audio_stream:
             if isinstance(event, rtc.AudioFrameEvent):
@@ -342,15 +475,23 @@ class LiveKitTransportClient:
                 logger.warning(f"Received unexpected event type: {type(event)}")
 
     async def get_next_audio_frame(self):
+        """Get the next audio frame from the queue."""
         while True:
             frame, participant_id = await self._audio_queue.get()
             yield frame, participant_id
 
     def __str__(self):
+        """String representation of the LiveKit transport client."""
         return f"{self._transport_name}::LiveKitTransportClient"
 
 
 class LiveKitInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
+    """Handles incoming media streams and events from LiveKit rooms.
+
+    Processes incoming audio streams from room participants and forwards them
+    as Pipecat frames, including audio resampling and VAD integration.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         transport: BaseTransport,
@@ -358,6 +499,14 @@ class LiveKitInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
         params: LiveKitParams,
         **kwargs,
     ):
+        """Initialize the LiveKit input transport.
+
+        Args:
+            transport: The parent transport instance.
+            client: LiveKitTransportClient instance.
+            params: Configuration parameters.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to parent class.
+        """
         super().__init__(params, **kwargs)
         self._transport = transport
         self._client = client
@@ -371,9 +520,19 @@ class LiveKitInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
 
     @property
     def vad_analyzer(self) -> Optional[VADAnalyzer]:
+        """Get the Voice Activity Detection analyzer.
+
+        Returns:
+            The VAD analyzer instance if configured.
+        """
         return self._vad_analyzer
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the input transport and connect to LiveKit room.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         await super().start(frame)
 
         if self._initialized:
@@ -389,6 +548,11 @@ class LiveKitInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
         logger.info("LiveKitInputTransport started")
 
     async def stop(self, frame: EndFrame):
+        """Stop the input transport and disconnect from LiveKit room.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The end frame signaling transport shutdown.
+        """
         await super().stop(frame)
         await self._client.disconnect()
         if self._audio_in_task:
@@ -396,24 +560,42 @@ class LiveKitInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
         logger.info("LiveKitInputTransport stopped")
 
     async def cancel(self, frame: CancelFrame):
+        """Cancel the input transport and disconnect from LiveKit room.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The cancel frame signaling immediate cancellation.
+        """
         await super().cancel(frame)
         await self._client.disconnect()
         if self._audio_in_task and self._params.audio_in_enabled:
             await self.cancel_task(self._audio_in_task)
 
     async def setup(self, setup: FrameProcessorSetup):
+        """Setup the input transport with shared client setup.
+
+        Args:
+            setup: The frame processor setup configuration.
+        """
         await super().setup(setup)
         await self._client.setup(setup)
 
     async def cleanup(self):
+        """Cleanup input transport and shared resources."""
         await super().cleanup()
         await self._transport.cleanup()
 
     async def push_app_message(self, message: Any, sender: str):
+        """Push an application message as an urgent transport frame.
+
+        Args:
+            message: The message data to send.
+            sender: ID of the message sender.
+        """
         frame = LiveKitTransportMessageUrgentFrame(message=message, participant_id=sender)
         await self.push_frame(frame)
 
     async def _audio_in_task_handler(self):
+        """Handle incoming audio frames from participants."""
         logger.info("Audio input task started")
         audio_iterator = self._client.get_next_audio_frame()
         async for audio_data in WatchdogAsyncIterator(audio_iterator, manager=self.task_manager):
@@ -433,6 +615,7 @@ class LiveKitInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
     async def _convert_livekit_audio_to_pipecat(
         self, audio_frame_event: rtc.AudioFrameEvent
     ) -> AudioRawFrame:
+        """Convert LiveKit audio frame to Pipecat audio frame."""
         audio_frame = audio_frame_event.frame
 
         audio_data = await self._resampler.resample(
@@ -447,6 +630,12 @@ class LiveKitInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
 
 
 class LiveKitOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
+    """Handles outgoing media streams and events to LiveKit rooms.
+
+    Manages sending audio frames and data messages to LiveKit room participants,
+    including audio format conversion for LiveKit compatibility.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         transport: BaseTransport,
@@ -454,6 +643,14 @@ class LiveKitOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         params: LiveKitParams,
         **kwargs,
     ):
+        """Initialize the LiveKit output transport.
+
+        Args:
+            transport: The parent transport instance.
+            client: LiveKitTransportClient instance.
+            params: Configuration parameters.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to parent class.
+        """
         super().__init__(params, **kwargs)
         self._transport = transport
         self._client = client
@@ -462,6 +659,11 @@ class LiveKitOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         self._initialized = False
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the output transport and connect to LiveKit room.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         await super().start(frame)
 
         if self._initialized:
@@ -475,33 +677,60 @@ class LiveKitOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         logger.info("LiveKitOutputTransport started")
 
     async def stop(self, frame: EndFrame):
+        """Stop the output transport and disconnect from LiveKit room.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The end frame signaling transport shutdown.
+        """
         await super().stop(frame)
         await self._client.disconnect()
         logger.info("LiveKitOutputTransport stopped")
 
     async def cancel(self, frame: CancelFrame):
+        """Cancel the output transport and disconnect from LiveKit room.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The cancel frame signaling immediate cancellation.
+        """
         await super().cancel(frame)
         await self._client.disconnect()
 
     async def setup(self, setup: FrameProcessorSetup):
+        """Setup the output transport with shared client setup.
+
+        Args:
+            setup: The frame processor setup configuration.
+        """
         await super().setup(setup)
         await self._client.setup(setup)
 
     async def cleanup(self):
+        """Cleanup output transport and shared resources."""
         await super().cleanup()
         await self._transport.cleanup()
 
     async def send_message(self, frame: TransportMessageFrame | TransportMessageUrgentFrame):
+        """Send a transport message to participants.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The transport message frame to send.
+        """
         if isinstance(frame, (LiveKitTransportMessageFrame, LiveKitTransportMessageUrgentFrame)):
             await self._client.send_data(frame.message.encode(), frame.participant_id)
         else:
             await self._client.send_data(frame.message.encode())
 
     async def write_audio_frame(self, frame: OutputAudioRawFrame):
+        """Write an audio frame to the LiveKit room.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The audio frame to write.
+        """
         livekit_audio = self._convert_pipecat_audio_to_livekit(frame.audio)
         await self._client.publish_audio(livekit_audio)
 
     def _convert_pipecat_audio_to_livekit(self, pipecat_audio: bytes) -> rtc.AudioFrame:
+        """Convert Pipecat audio data to LiveKit audio frame."""
         bytes_per_sample = 2  # Assuming 16-bit audio
         total_samples = len(pipecat_audio) // bytes_per_sample
         samples_per_channel = total_samples // self._params.audio_out_channels
@@ -515,6 +744,13 @@ class LiveKitOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
 
 
 class LiveKitTransport(BaseTransport):
+    """Transport implementation for LiveKit real-time communication.
+
+    Provides comprehensive LiveKit integration including audio streaming, data
+    messaging, participant management, and room event handling for conversational
+    AI applications.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         url: str,
@@ -524,6 +760,16 @@ class LiveKitTransport(BaseTransport):
         input_name: Optional[str] = None,
         output_name: Optional[str] = None,
     ):
+        """Initialize the LiveKit transport.
+
+        Args:
+            url: LiveKit server URL to connect to.
+            token: Authentication token for the room.
+            room_name: Name of the LiveKit room to join.
+            params: Configuration parameters for the transport.
+            input_name: Optional name for the input transport.
+            output_name: Optional name for the output transport.
+        """
         super().__init__(input_name=input_name, output_name=output_name)
 
         callbacks = LiveKitCallbacks(
@@ -556,6 +802,11 @@ class LiveKitTransport(BaseTransport):
         self._register_event_handler("on_call_state_updated")
 
     def input(self) -> LiveKitInputTransport:
+        """Get the input transport for receiving media and events.
+
+        Returns:
+            The LiveKit input transport instance.
+        """
         if not self._input:
             self._input = LiveKitInputTransport(
                 self, self._client, self._params, name=self._input_name
@@ -563,6 +814,11 @@ class LiveKitTransport(BaseTransport):
         return self._input
 
     def output(self) -> LiveKitOutputTransport:
+        """Get the output transport for sending media and events.
+
+        Returns:
+            The LiveKit output transport instance.
+        """
         if not self._output:
             self._output = LiveKitOutputTransport(
                 self, self._client, self._params, name=self._output_name
@@ -571,41 +827,84 @@ class LiveKitTransport(BaseTransport):
 
     @property
     def participant_id(self) -> str:
+        """Get the participant ID for this transport.
+
+        Returns:
+            The participant ID assigned by LiveKit.
+        """
         return self._client.participant_id
 
     async def send_audio(self, frame: OutputAudioRawFrame):
+        """Send an audio frame to the LiveKit room.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The audio frame to send.
+        """
         if self._output:
             await self._output.queue_frame(frame, FrameDirection.DOWNSTREAM)
 
     def get_participants(self) -> List[str]:
+        """Get list of participant IDs in the room.
+
+        Returns:
+            List of participant IDs.
+        """
         return self._client.get_participants()
 
     async def get_participant_metadata(self, participant_id: str) -> dict:
+        """Get metadata for a specific participant.
+
+        Args:
+            participant_id: ID of the participant to get metadata for.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary containing participant metadata.
+        """
         return await self._client.get_participant_metadata(participant_id)
 
     async def set_metadata(self, metadata: str):
+        """Set metadata for the local participant.
+
+        Args:
+            metadata: Metadata string to set.
+        """
         await self._client.set_participant_metadata(metadata)
 
     async def mute_participant(self, participant_id: str):
+        """Mute a specific participant's audio tracks.
+
+        Args:
+            participant_id: ID of the participant to mute.
+        """
         await self._client.mute_participant(participant_id)
 
     async def unmute_participant(self, participant_id: str):
+        """Unmute a specific participant's audio tracks.
+
+        Args:
+            participant_id: ID of the participant to unmute.
+        """
         await self._client.unmute_participant(participant_id)
 
     async def _on_connected(self):
+        """Handle room connected events."""
         await self._call_event_handler("on_connected")
 
     async def _on_disconnected(self):
+        """Handle room disconnected events."""
         await self._call_event_handler("on_disconnected")
 
     async def _on_participant_connected(self, participant_id: str):
+        """Handle participant connected events."""
         await self._call_event_handler("on_participant_connected", participant_id)
 
     async def _on_participant_disconnected(self, participant_id: str):
+        """Handle participant disconnected events."""
         await self._call_event_handler("on_participant_disconnected", participant_id)
         await self._call_event_handler("on_participant_left", participant_id, "disconnected")
 
     async def _on_audio_track_subscribed(self, participant_id: str):
+        """Handle audio track subscribed events."""
         await self._call_event_handler("on_audio_track_subscribed", participant_id)
         participant = self._client.room.remote_participants.get(participant_id)
         if participant:
@@ -615,19 +914,33 @@ class LiveKitTransport(BaseTransport):
                 )
 
     async def _on_audio_track_unsubscribed(self, participant_id: str):
+        """Handle audio track unsubscribed events."""
         await self._call_event_handler("on_audio_track_unsubscribed", participant_id)
 
     async def _on_data_received(self, data: bytes, participant_id: str):
+        """Handle data received events."""
         if self._input:
             await self._input.push_app_message(data.decode(), participant_id)
         await self._call_event_handler("on_data_received", data, participant_id)
 
     async def send_message(self, message: str, participant_id: Optional[str] = None):
+        """Send a message to participants in the room.
+
+        Args:
+            message: The message string to send.
+            participant_id: Optional specific participant to send to.
+        """
         if self._output:
             frame = LiveKitTransportMessageFrame(message=message, participant_id=participant_id)
             await self._output.send_message(frame)
 
     async def send_message_urgent(self, message: str, participant_id: Optional[str] = None):
+        """Send an urgent message to participants in the room.
+
+        Args:
+            message: The urgent message string to send.
+            participant_id: Optional specific participant to send to.
+        """
         if self._output:
             frame = LiveKitTransportMessageUrgentFrame(
                 message=message, participant_id=participant_id
@@ -635,19 +948,36 @@ class LiveKitTransport(BaseTransport):
             await self._output.send_message(frame)
 
     async def on_room_event(self, event):
+        """Handle room events.
+
+        Args:
+            event: The room event to handle.
+        """
         # Handle room events
         pass
 
     async def on_participant_event(self, event):
+        """Handle participant events.
+
+        Args:
+            event: The participant event to handle.
+        """
         # Handle participant events
         pass
 
     async def on_track_event(self, event):
+        """Handle track events.
+
+        Args:
+            event: The track event to handle.
+        """
         # Handle track events
         pass
 
     async def _on_call_state_updated(self, state: str):
+        """Handle call state update events."""
         await self._call_event_handler("on_call_state_updated", self, state)
 
     async def _on_first_participant_joined(self, participant_id: str):
+        """Handle first participant joined events."""
         await self._call_event_handler("on_first_participant_joined", participant_id)

src/pipecat/transports/services/tavus.py

@@ -1,3 +1,16 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2024–2025, Daily
+#
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
+#
+
+"""Tavus transport implementation for Pipecat.
+
+This module provides integration with the Tavus platform for creating conversational
+AI applications with avatars. It manages conversation sessions and provides real-time
+audio/video streaming capabilities through the Tavus API.
+"""
+
 import os
 from functools import partial
 from typing import Any, Awaitable, Callable, Mapping, Optional
@@ -31,8 +44,10 @@ from pipecat.transports.services.daily import (
 
 
 class TavusApi:
-    """
+    """Helper class for interacting with the Tavus API (v2).
-    A helper class for interacting with the Tavus API (v2).
+
+    Provides methods for creating and managing conversations with Tavus avatars,
+    including conversation lifecycle management and persona information retrieval.
     """
 
     BASE_URL = "https://tavusapi.com/v2"
@@ -40,12 +55,11 @@ class TavusApi:
     MOCK_PERSONA_NAME = "TestTavusTransport"
 
     def __init__(self, api_key: str, session: aiohttp.ClientSession):
-        """
+        """Initialize the TavusApi client.
-        Initialize the TavusApi client.
 
         Args:
-            api_key (str): Tavus API key.
+            api_key: Tavus API key for authentication.
-            session (aiohttp.ClientSession): An aiohttp session for making HTTP requests.
+            session: An aiohttp session for making HTTP requests.
         """
         self._api_key = api_key
         self._session = session
@@ -54,6 +68,15 @@ class TavusApi:
         self._dev_room_url = os.getenv("TAVUS_SAMPLE_ROOM_URL")
 
     async def create_conversation(self, replica_id: str, persona_id: str) -> dict:
+        """Create a new conversation with the specified replica and persona.
+
+        Args:
+            replica_id: ID of the replica to use in the conversation.
+            persona_id: ID of the persona to use in the conversation.
+
+        Returns:
+            Dictionary containing conversation_id and conversation_url.
+        """
         if self._dev_room_url:
             return {
                 "conversation_id": self.MOCK_CONVERSATION_ID,
@@ -73,6 +96,11 @@ class TavusApi:
             return response
 
     async def end_conversation(self, conversation_id: str):
+        """End an existing conversation.
+
+        Args:
+            conversation_id: ID of the conversation to end.
+        """
         if conversation_id is None or conversation_id == self.MOCK_CONVERSATION_ID:
             return
 
@@ -82,6 +110,14 @@ class TavusApi:
             logger.debug(f"Ended Tavus conversation {conversation_id}")
 
     async def get_persona_name(self, persona_id: str) -> str:
+        """Get the name of a persona by ID.
+
+        Args:
+            persona_id: ID of the persona to retrieve.
+
+        Returns:
+            The name of the persona.
+        """
         if self._dev_room_url is not None:
             return self.MOCK_PERSONA_NAME
 
@@ -94,11 +130,11 @@ class TavusApi:
 
 
 class TavusCallbacks(BaseModel):
-    """Callback handlers for the Tavus events.
+    """Callback handlers for Tavus events.
 
-    Attributes:
+    Parameters:
-        on_participant_joined: Called when a participant joins.
+        on_participant_joined: Called when a participant joins the conversation.
-        on_participant_left: Called when a participant leaves.
+        on_participant_left: Called when a participant leaves the conversation.
     """
 
     on_participant_joined: Callable[[Mapping[str, Any]], Awaitable[None]]
@@ -106,7 +142,13 @@ class TavusCallbacks(BaseModel):
 
 
 class TavusParams(DailyParams):
-    """Configuration parameters for the Tavus transport."""
+    """Configuration parameters for the Tavus transport.
+
+    Parameters:
+        audio_in_enabled: Whether to enable audio input from participants.
+        audio_out_enabled: Whether to enable audio output to participants.
+        microphone_out_enabled: Whether to enable microphone output track.
+    """
 
     audio_in_enabled: bool = True
     audio_out_enabled: bool = True
@@ -114,24 +156,14 @@ class TavusParams(DailyParams):
 
 
 class TavusTransportClient:
-    """
+    """Transport client that integrates Pipecat with the Tavus platform.
+
     A transport client that integrates a Pipecat Bot with the Tavus platform by managing
     conversation sessions using the Tavus API.
 
     This client uses `TavusApi` to interact with the Tavus backend services. When a conversation
     is started via `TavusApi`, Tavus provides a `roomURL` that can be used to connect the Pipecat Bot
     into the same virtual room where the TavusBot is operating.
-
-    Args:
-        bot_name (str): The name of the Pipecat bot instance.
-        params (TavusParams): Optional parameters for Tavus operation. Defaults to `TavusParams()`.
-        callbacks (TavusCallbacks): Callback handlers for Tavus-related events.
-        api_key (str): API key for authenticating with Tavus API.
-        replica_id (str): ID of the replica to use in the Tavus conversation.
-        persona_id (str): ID of the Tavus persona. Defaults to "pipecat-stream", which signals Tavus to use
-                          the TTS voice of the Pipecat bot instead of a Tavus persona voice.
-        session (aiohttp.ClientSession): The aiohttp session for making async HTTP requests.
-        sample_rate: Audio sample rate to be used by the client.
     """
 
     def __init__(
@@ -145,6 +177,19 @@ class TavusTransportClient:
         persona_id: str = "pipecat-stream",
         session: aiohttp.ClientSession,
     ) -> None:
+        """Initialize the Tavus transport client.
+
+        Args:
+            bot_name: The name of the Pipecat bot instance.
+            params: Optional parameters for Tavus operation.
+            callbacks: Callback handlers for Tavus-related events.
+            api_key: API key for authenticating with Tavus API.
+            replica_id: ID of the replica to use in the Tavus conversation.
+            persona_id: ID of the Tavus persona. Defaults to "pipecat-stream",
+                which signals Tavus to use the TTS voice of the Pipecat bot
+                instead of a Tavus persona voice.
+            session: The aiohttp session for making async HTTP requests.
+        """
         self._bot_name = bot_name
         self._api = TavusApi(api_key, session)
         self._replica_id = replica_id
@@ -155,11 +200,17 @@ class TavusTransportClient:
         self._params = params
 
     async def _initialize(self) -> str:
+        """Initialize the conversation and return the room URL."""
         response = await self._api.create_conversation(self._replica_id, self._persona_id)
         self._conversation_id = response["conversation_id"]
         return response["conversation_url"]
 
     async def setup(self, setup: FrameProcessorSetup):
+        """Setup the client and initialize the conversation.
+
+        Args:
+            setup: The frame processor setup configuration.
+        """
         if self._conversation_id is not None:
             logger.debug(f"Conversation ID already defined: {self._conversation_id}")
             return
@@ -206,29 +257,44 @@ class TavusTransportClient:
             self._conversation_id = None
 
     async def cleanup(self):
+        """Cleanup client resources."""
         try:
             await self._client.cleanup()
         except Exception as e:
             logger.exception(f"Exception during cleanup: {e}")
 
     async def _on_joined(self, data):
+        """Handle joined event."""
         logger.debug("TavusTransportClient joined!")
 
     async def _on_left(self):
+        """Handle left event."""
         logger.debug("TavusTransportClient left!")
 
     async def _on_handle_callback(self, event_name, *args, **kwargs):
+        """Handle generic callback events."""
         logger.trace(f"[Callback] {event_name} called with args={args}, kwargs={kwargs}")
 
     async def get_persona_name(self) -> str:
+        """Get the persona name from the API.
+
+        Returns:
+            The name of the current persona.
+        """
         return await self._api.get_persona_name(self._persona_id)
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the client and join the room.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         logger.debug("TavusTransportClient start invoked!")
         await self._client.start(frame)
         await self._client.join()
 
     async def stop(self):
+        """Stop the client and end the conversation."""
         await self._client.leave()
         await self._api.end_conversation(self._conversation_id)
         self._conversation_id = None
@@ -241,6 +307,15 @@ class TavusTransportClient:
         video_source: str = "camera",
         color_format: str = "RGB",
     ):
+        """Capture video from a participant.
+
+        Args:
+            participant_id: ID of the participant to capture video from.
+            callback: Callback function to handle video frames.
+            framerate: Desired framerate for video capture.
+            video_source: Video source to capture from.
+            color_format: Color format for video frames.
+        """
         await self._client.capture_participant_video(
             participant_id, callback, framerate, video_source, color_format
         )
@@ -253,22 +328,47 @@ class TavusTransportClient:
         sample_rate: int = 16000,
         callback_interval_ms: int = 20,
     ):
+        """Capture audio from a participant.
+
+        Args:
+            participant_id: ID of the participant to capture audio from.
+            callback: Callback function to handle audio data.
+            audio_source: Audio source to capture from.
+            sample_rate: Desired sample rate for audio capture.
+            callback_interval_ms: Interval between audio callbacks in milliseconds.
+        """
         await self._client.capture_participant_audio(
             participant_id, callback, audio_source, sample_rate, callback_interval_ms
         )
 
     async def send_message(self, frame: TransportMessageFrame | TransportMessageUrgentFrame):
+        """Send a message to participants.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The message frame to send.
+        """
         await self._client.send_message(frame)
 
     @property
     def out_sample_rate(self) -> int:
+        """Get the output sample rate.
+
+        Returns:
+            The output sample rate in Hz.
+        """
         return self._client.out_sample_rate
 
     @property
     def in_sample_rate(self) -> int:
+        """Get the input sample rate.
+
+        Returns:
+            The input sample rate in Hz.
+        """
         return self._client.in_sample_rate
 
     async def send_interrupt_message(self) -> None:
+        """Send an interrupt message to the conversation."""
         transport_frame = TransportMessageUrgentFrame(
             message={
                 "message_type": "conversation",
@@ -279,6 +379,12 @@ class TavusTransportClient:
         await self.send_message(transport_frame)
 
     async def update_subscriptions(self, participant_settings=None, profile_settings=None):
+        """Update subscription settings for participants.
+
+        Args:
+            participant_settings: Per-participant subscription settings.
+            profile_settings: Global subscription profile settings.
+        """
         if not self._client:
             return
 
@@ -287,11 +393,21 @@ class TavusTransportClient:
         )
 
     async def write_audio_frame(self, frame: OutputAudioRawFrame):
+        """Write an audio frame to the transport.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The audio frame to write.
+        """
         if not self._client:
             return
         await self._client.write_audio_frame(frame)
 
     async def register_audio_destination(self, destination: str):
+        """Register an audio destination for output.
+
+        Args:
+            destination: The destination identifier to register.
+        """
         if not self._client:
             return
 
@@ -299,12 +415,25 @@ class TavusTransportClient:
 
 
 class TavusInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
+    """Input transport for receiving audio and events from Tavus conversations.
+
+    Handles incoming audio streams from participants and manages audio capture
+    from the Daily room connected to the Tavus conversation.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         client: TavusTransportClient,
         params: TransportParams,
         **kwargs,
     ):
+        """Initialize the Tavus input transport.
+
+        Args:
+            client: The Tavus transport client instance.
+            params: Transport configuration parameters.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to parent class.
+        """
         super().__init__(params, **kwargs)
         self._client = client
         self._params = params
@@ -314,14 +443,25 @@ class TavusInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
         self._initialized = False
 
     async def setup(self, setup: FrameProcessorSetup):
+        """Setup the input transport.
+
+        Args:
+            setup: The frame processor setup configuration.
+        """
         await super().setup(setup)
         await self._client.setup(setup)
 
     async def cleanup(self):
+        """Cleanup input transport resources."""
         await super().cleanup()
         await self._client.cleanup()
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the input transport.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         await super().start(frame)
 
         if self._initialized:
@@ -333,14 +473,29 @@ class TavusInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
         await self.set_transport_ready(frame)
 
     async def stop(self, frame: EndFrame):
+        """Stop the input transport.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The end frame signaling transport shutdown.
+        """
         await super().stop(frame)
         await self._client.stop()
 
     async def cancel(self, frame: CancelFrame):
+        """Cancel the input transport.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The cancel frame signaling immediate cancellation.
+        """
         await super().cancel(frame)
         await self._client.stop()
 
     async def start_capturing_audio(self, participant):
+        """Start capturing audio from a participant.
+
+        Args:
+            participant: The participant to capture audio from.
+        """
         if self._params.audio_in_enabled:
             logger.info(
                 f"TavusTransportClient start capturing audio for participant {participant['id']}"
@@ -354,6 +509,7 @@ class TavusInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
     async def _on_participant_audio_data(
         self, participant_id: str, audio: AudioData, audio_source: str
     ):
+        """Handle received participant audio data."""
         frame = InputAudioRawFrame(
             audio=audio.audio_frames,
             sample_rate=audio.audio_frames,
@@ -364,12 +520,25 @@ class TavusInputTransport(BaseInputTransport):
 
 
 class TavusOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
+    """Output transport for sending audio and events to Tavus conversations.
+
+    Handles outgoing audio streams to participants and manages the custom
+    audio track expected by the Tavus platform.
+    """
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         client: TavusTransportClient,
         params: TransportParams,
         **kwargs,
     ):
+        """Initialize the Tavus output transport.
+
+        Args:
+            client: The Tavus transport client instance.
+            params: Transport configuration parameters.
+            **kwargs: Additional arguments passed to parent class.
+        """
         super().__init__(params, **kwargs)
         self._client = client
         self._params = params
@@ -380,14 +549,25 @@ class TavusOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         self._transport_destination: Optional[str] = "stream"
 
     async def setup(self, setup: FrameProcessorSetup):
+        """Setup the output transport.
+
+        Args:
+            setup: The frame processor setup configuration.
+        """
         await super().setup(setup)
         await self._client.setup(setup)
 
     async def cleanup(self):
+        """Cleanup output transport resources."""
         await super().cleanup()
         await self._client.cleanup()
 
     async def start(self, frame: StartFrame):
+        """Start the output transport.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The start frame containing initialization parameters.
+        """
         await super().start(frame)
 
         if self._initialized:
@@ -403,51 +583,72 @@ class TavusOutputTransport(BaseOutputTransport):
         await self.set_transport_ready(frame)
 
     async def stop(self, frame: EndFrame):
+        """Stop the output transport.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The end frame signaling transport shutdown.
+        """
         await super().stop(frame)
         await self._client.stop()
 
     async def cancel(self, frame: CancelFrame):
+        """Cancel the output transport.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The cancel frame signaling immediate cancellation.
+        """
         await super().cancel(frame)
         await self._client.stop()
 
     async def send_message(self, frame: TransportMessageFrame | TransportMessageUrgentFrame):
+        """Send a message to participants.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The message frame to send.
+        """
         logger.info(f"TavusOutputTransport sending message {frame}")
         await self._client.send_message(frame)
 
     async def process_frame(self, frame: Frame, direction: FrameDirection):
+        """Process frames and handle interruptions.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The frame to process.
+            direction: The direction of frame flow in the pipeline.
+        """
         await super().process_frame(frame, direction)
         if isinstance(frame, StartInterruptionFrame):
             await self._handle_interruptions()
 
     async def _handle_interruptions(self):
+        """Handle interruption events by sending interrupt message."""
         await self._client.send_interrupt_message()
 
     async def write_audio_frame(self, frame: OutputAudioRawFrame):
+        """Write an audio frame to the Tavus transport.
+
+        Args:
+            frame: The audio frame to write.
+        """
         # This is the custom track destination expected by Tavus
         frame.transport_destination = self._transport_destination
         await self._client.write_audio_frame(frame)
 
     async def register_audio_destination(self, destination: str):
+        """Register an audio destination.
+
+        Args:
+            destination: The destination identifier to register.
+        """
         await self._client.register_audio_destination(destination)
 
 
 class TavusTransport(BaseTransport):
-    """
+    """Transport implementation for Tavus video calls.
-    Transport implementation for Tavus video calls.
 
     When used, the Pipecat bot joins the same virtual room as the Tavus Avatar and the user.
     This is achieved by using `TavusTransportClient`, which initiates the conversation via
     `TavusApi` and obtains a room URL that all participants connect to.
-
-    Args:
-        bot_name (str): The name of the Pipecat bot.
-        session (aiohttp.ClientSession): aiohttp session used for async HTTP requests.
-        api_key (str): Tavus API key for authentication.
-        replica_id (str): ID of the replica model used for voice generation.
-        persona_id (str): ID of the Tavus persona. Defaults to "pipecat-stream" to use the Pipecat TTS voice.
-        params (TavusParams): Optional Tavus-specific configuration parameters.
-        input_name (Optional[str]): Optional name for the input transport.
-        output_name (Optional[str]): Optional name for the output transport.
     """
 
     def __init__(
@@ -461,6 +662,19 @@ class TavusTransport(BaseTransport):
         input_name: Optional[str] = None,
         output_name: Optional[str] = None,
     ):
+        """Initialize the Tavus transport.
+
+        Args:
+            bot_name: The name of the Pipecat bot.
+            session: aiohttp session used for async HTTP requests.
+            api_key: Tavus API key for authentication.
+            replica_id: ID of the replica model used for voice generation.
+            persona_id: ID of the Tavus persona. Defaults to "pipecat-stream"
+                to use the Pipecat TTS voice.
+            params: Optional Tavus-specific configuration parameters.
+            input_name: Optional name for the input transport.
+            output_name: Optional name for the output transport.
+        """
         super().__init__(input_name=input_name, output_name=output_name)
         self._params = params
 
@@ -487,11 +701,13 @@ class TavusTransport(BaseTransport):
         self._register_event_handler("on_client_disconnected")
 
     async def _on_participant_left(self, participant, reason):
+        """Handle participant left events."""
         persona_name = await self._client.get_persona_name()
         if participant.get("info", {}).get("userName", "") != persona_name:
             await self._on_client_disconnected(participant)
 
     async def _on_participant_joined(self, participant):
+        """Handle participant joined events."""
         # get persona, look up persona_name, set this as the bot name to ignore
         persona_name = await self._client.get_persona_name()
 
@@ -513,23 +729,41 @@ class TavusTransport(BaseTransport):
                 await self._input.start_capturing_audio(participant)
 
     async def update_subscriptions(self, participant_settings=None, profile_settings=None):
+        """Update subscription settings for participants.
+
+        Args:
+            participant_settings: Per-participant subscription settings.
+            profile_settings: Global subscription profile settings.
+        """
         await self._client.update_subscriptions(
             participant_settings=participant_settings,
             profile_settings=profile_settings,
         )
 
     def input(self) -> FrameProcessor:
+        """Get the input transport for receiving media and events.
+
+        Returns:
+            The Tavus input transport instance.
+        """
         if not self._input:
             self._input = TavusInputTransport(client=self._client, params=self._params)
         return self._input
 
     def output(self) -> FrameProcessor:
+        """Get the output transport for sending media and events.
+
+        Returns:
+            The Tavus output transport instance.
+        """
         if not self._output:
             self._output = TavusOutputTransport(client=self._client, params=self._params)
         return self._output
 
     async def _on_client_connected(self, participant: Any):
+        """Handle client connected events."""
         await self._call_event_handler("on_client_connected", participant)
 
     async def _on_client_disconnected(self, participant: Any):
+        """Handle client disconnected events."""
         await self._call_event_handler("on_client_disconnected", participant)

src/pipecat/utils/asyncio/task_manager.py

@@ -4,6 +4,14 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Asyncio task management with watchdog monitoring capabilities.
+
+This module provides task management functionality with optional watchdog timers
+to monitor task execution and prevent hanging operations. Includes both abstract
+base classes and concrete implementations for managing asyncio tasks with
+comprehensive monitoring and cleanup capabilities.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 import time
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
@@ -17,6 +25,15 @@ WATCHDOG_TIMEOUT = 5.0
 
 @dataclass
 class TaskManagerParams:
+    """Configuration parameters for task manager initialization.
+
+    Parameters:
+        loop: The asyncio event loop to use for task management.
+        enable_watchdog_timers: Whether to enable watchdog timers for tasks.
+        enable_watchdog_logging: Whether to log watchdog timing information.
+        watchdog_timeout: Default timeout in seconds for watchdog timers.
+    """
+
     loop: asyncio.AbstractEventLoop
     enable_watchdog_timers: bool = False
     enable_watchdog_logging: bool = False
@@ -24,12 +41,28 @@ class TaskManagerParams:
 
 
 class BaseTaskManager(ABC):
+    """Abstract base class for asyncio task management with watchdog support.
+
+    Provides the interface for creating, monitoring, and managing asyncio tasks
+    with optional watchdog timer functionality to detect stalled operations.
+    """
+
     @abstractmethod
     def setup(self, params: TaskManagerParams):
+        """Initialize the task manager with configuration parameters.
+
+        Args:
+            params: Configuration parameters for task management.
+        """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     def get_event_loop(self) -> asyncio.AbstractEventLoop:
+        """Get the event loop used by this task manager.
+
+        Returns:
+            The asyncio event loop instance.
+        """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
@@ -42,21 +75,19 @@ class BaseTaskManager(ABC):
         enable_watchdog_timers: Optional[bool] = None,
         watchdog_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
     ) -> asyncio.Task:
-        """
+        """Creates and schedules a new asyncio Task that runs the given coroutine.
-        Creates and schedules a new asyncio Task that runs the given coroutine.
 
         The task is added to a global set of created tasks.
 
         Args:
-            loop (asyncio.AbstractEventLoop): The event loop to use for creating the task.
+            coroutine: The coroutine to be executed within the task.
-            coroutine (Coroutine): The coroutine to be executed within the task.
+            name: The name to assign to the task for identification.
-            name (str): The name to assign to the task for identification.
+            enable_watchdog_logging: Whether this task should log watchdog processing times.
-            enable_watchdog_logging(bool): whether this task should log watchdog processing times.
+            enable_watchdog_timers: Whether this task should have a watchdog timer.
-            enable_watchdog_timers(bool): whether this task should have a watchdog timer.
+            watchdog_timeout: Watchdog timer timeout for this task.
-            watchdog_timeout(float): watchdog timer timeout for this task.
 
         Returns:
-            asyncio.Task: The created task object.
+            The created task object.
         """
         pass
 
@@ -69,50 +100,67 @@ class BaseTaskManager(ABC):
         is removed from the set of registered tasks upon completion or failure.
 
         Args:
-            task (asyncio.Task): The asyncio Task to wait for.
+            task: The asyncio Task to wait for.
-            timeout (Optional[float], optional): The maximum number of seconds
+            timeout: The maximum number of seconds to wait for the task to complete.
-                to wait for the task to complete. If None, waits indefinitely.
+                If None, waits indefinitely.
-                Defaults to None.
         """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     async def cancel_task(self, task: asyncio.Task, timeout: Optional[float] = None):
-        """Cancels the given asyncio Task and awaits its completion with an
+        """Cancels the given asyncio Task and awaits its completion with an optional timeout.
-        optional timeout.
 
         This function removes the task from the set of registered tasks upon
         completion or failure.
 
         Args:
-            task (asyncio.Task): The task to be cancelled.
+            task: The task to be cancelled.
-            timeout (Optional[float]): The optional timeout in seconds to wait for the task to cancel.
+            timeout: The optional timeout in seconds to wait for the task to cancel.
-
         """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     def current_tasks(self) -> Sequence[asyncio.Task]:
-        """Returns the list of currently created/registered tasks."""
+        """Returns the list of currently created/registered tasks.
+
+        Returns:
+            Sequence of currently managed asyncio tasks.
+        """
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
     def task_reset_watchdog(self):
-        """Resets the running task watchdog timer. If not reset, a warning will
+        """Task reset watchdog timer.
-        be logged indicating the task is stalling.
 
+        Resets the running task watchdog timer. If not reset, a warning will
+        be logged indicating the task is stalling.
         """
         pass
 
     @property
     @abstractmethod
     def task_watchdog_enabled(self) -> bool:
-        """Whether the current running task has a watchdog timer enabled."""
+        """Whether the current running task has a watchdog timer enabled.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if the current task has watchdog monitoring active.
+        """
         pass
 
 
 @dataclass
 class TaskData:
+    """Internal data structure for tracking task metadata and watchdog state.
+
+    Parameters:
+        task: The asyncio Task being managed.
+        watchdog_timer: Event used to reset the watchdog timer.
+        enable_watchdog_logging: Whether to log watchdog timing information.
+        enable_watchdog_timers: Whether watchdog timers are enabled for this task.
+        watchdog_timeout: Timeout in seconds for watchdog warnings.
+        watchdog_task: Optional background task monitoring the watchdog timer.
+    """
+
     task: asyncio.Task
     watchdog_timer: asyncio.Event
     enable_watchdog_logging: bool
@@ -122,15 +170,36 @@ class TaskData:
 
 
 class TaskManager(BaseTaskManager):
+    """Concrete implementation of BaseTaskManager with full watchdog support.
+
+    Manages asyncio tasks with optional watchdog monitoring to detect stalled
+    operations. Provides comprehensive task lifecycle management including
+    creation, monitoring, cancellation, and cleanup.
+    """
+
     def __init__(self) -> None:
+        """Initialize the task manager with empty task registry."""
         self._tasks: Dict[str, TaskData] = {}
         self._params: Optional[TaskManagerParams] = None
 
     def setup(self, params: TaskManagerParams):
+        """Initialize the task manager with configuration parameters.
+
+        Args:
+            params: Configuration parameters for task management.
+        """
         if not self._params:
             self._params = params
 
     def get_event_loop(self) -> asyncio.AbstractEventLoop:
+        """Get the event loop used by this task manager.
+
+        Returns:
+            The asyncio event loop instance.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If the task manager is not properly set up.
+        """
         if not self._params:
             raise Exception("TaskManager is not setup: unable to get event loop")
         return self._params.loop
@@ -144,21 +213,22 @@ class TaskManager(BaseTaskManager):
         enable_watchdog_timers: Optional[bool] = None,
         watchdog_timeout: Optional[float] = None,
     ) -> asyncio.Task:
-        """
+        """Creates and schedules a new asyncio Task that runs the given coroutine.
-        Creates and schedules a new asyncio Task that runs the given coroutine.
 
         The task is added to a global set of created tasks.
 
         Args:
-            loop (asyncio.AbstractEventLoop): The event loop to use for creating the task.
+            coroutine: The coroutine to be executed within the task.
-            coroutine (Coroutine): The coroutine to be executed within the task.
+            name: The name to assign to the task for identification.
-            name (str): The name to assign to the task for identification.
+            enable_watchdog_logging: Whether this task should log watchdog processing time.
-            enable_watchdog_logging(bool): whether this task should log watchdog processing time.
+            enable_watchdog_timers: Whether this task should have a watchdog timer.
-            enable_watchdog_timers(bool): whether this task should have a watchdog timer.
+            watchdog_timeout: Watchdog timer timeout for this task.
-            watchdog_timeout(float): watchdog timer timeout for this task.
 
         Returns:
-            asyncio.Task: The created task object.
+            The created task object.
+
+        Raises:
+            Exception: If the task manager is not properly set up.
         """
 
         async def run_coroutine():
@@ -208,10 +278,9 @@ class TaskManager(BaseTaskManager):
         is removed from the set of registered tasks upon completion or failure.
 
         Args:
-            task (asyncio.Task): The asyncio Task to wait for.
+            task: The asyncio Task to wait for.
-            timeout (Optional[float], optional): The maximum number of seconds
+            timeout: The maximum number of seconds to wait for the task to complete.
-                to wait for the task to complete. If None, waits indefinitely.
+                If None, waits indefinitely.
-                Defaults to None.
         """
         name = task.get_name()
         try:
@@ -228,16 +297,14 @@ class TaskManager(BaseTaskManager):
             logger.exception(f"{name}: unexpected exception while stopping task: {e}")
 
     async def cancel_task(self, task: asyncio.Task, timeout: Optional[float] = None):
-        """Cancels the given asyncio Task and awaits its completion with an
+        """Cancels the given asyncio Task and awaits its completion with an optional timeout.
-        optional timeout.
 
         This function removes the task from the set of registered tasks upon
         completion or failure.
 
         Args:
-            task (asyncio.Task): The task to be cancelled.
+            task: The task to be cancelled.
-            timeout (Optional[float]): The optional timeout in seconds to wait for the task to cancel.
+            timeout: The optional timeout in seconds to wait for the task to cancel.
-
         """
         name = task.get_name()
         task.cancel()
@@ -260,18 +327,28 @@ class TaskManager(BaseTaskManager):
             raise
 
     def reset_watchdog(self, task: asyncio.Task):
+        """Reset the watchdog timer for a specific task.
+
+        Args:
+            task: The task whose watchdog timer should be reset.
+        """
         name = task.get_name()
         if name in self._tasks and self._tasks[name].enable_watchdog_timers:
             self._tasks[name].watchdog_timer.set()
 
     def current_tasks(self) -> Sequence[asyncio.Task]:
-        """Returns the list of currently created/registered tasks."""
+        """Returns the list of currently created/registered tasks.
+
+        Returns:
+            Sequence of currently managed asyncio tasks.
+        """
         return [data.task for data in self._tasks.values()]
 
     def task_reset_watchdog(self):
-        """Resets the running task watchdog timer. If not reset on time, a warning
+        """Task reset watchdog timer.
-        will be logged indicating the task is stalling.
 
+        Resets the running task watchdog timer. If not reset on time, a warning
+        will be logged indicating the task is stalling.
         """
         task = asyncio.current_task()
         if task:
@@ -279,6 +356,11 @@ class TaskManager(BaseTaskManager):
 
     @property
     def task_watchdog_enabled(self) -> bool:
+        """Whether the current running task has a watchdog timer enabled.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if the current task has watchdog monitoring active.
+        """
         task = asyncio.current_task()
         if not task:
             return False
@@ -286,6 +368,11 @@ class TaskManager(BaseTaskManager):
         return name in self._tasks and self._tasks[name].enable_watchdog_timers
 
     def _add_task(self, task_data: TaskData):
+        """Add a task to the internal registry and start watchdog if enabled.
+
+        Args:
+            task_data: The task data containing task and watchdog configuration.
+        """
         name = task_data.task.get_name()
         self._tasks[name] = task_data
         if self._params and task_data.enable_watchdog_timers:
@@ -295,6 +382,11 @@ class TaskManager(BaseTaskManager):
             task_data.watchdog_task = watchdog_task
 
     async def _watchdog_task_handler(self, task_data: TaskData):
+        """Background task that monitors watchdog timer for a specific task.
+
+        Args:
+            task_data: The task data containing watchdog configuration.
+        """
         name = task_data.task.get_name()
         timer = task_data.watchdog_timer
         enable_watchdog_logging = task_data.enable_watchdog_logging
@@ -315,6 +407,11 @@ class TaskManager(BaseTaskManager):
                 timer.clear()
 
     def _task_done_handler(self, task: asyncio.Task):
+        """Handle task completion by cleaning up watchdog and removing from registry.
+
+        Args:
+            task: The completed asyncio task.
+        """
         name = task.get_name()
         try:
             task_data = self._tasks[name]

src/pipecat/utils/asyncio/watchdog_async_iterator.py

@@ -4,6 +4,13 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD 2-Clause License
 #
 
+"""Watchdog-enabled async iterator wrapper for task monitoring.
+
+This module provides an async iterator wrapper that automatically resets
+watchdog timers while waiting for iterator items, preventing false positive
+watchdog timeouts during legitimate waiting periods.
+"""
+
 import asyncio
 from typing import AsyncIterator, Optional
 
@@ -11,10 +18,11 @@ from pipecat.utils.asyncio.task_manager import BaseTaskManager
 
 
 class WatchdogAsyncIterator:
-    """An asynchronous iterator that monitors activity and resets the current
+    """Watchdog async iterator wrapper.
+
+    An asynchronous iterator that monitors activity and resets the current
     task watchdog timer. This is necessary to avoid task watchdog timers to
     expire while we are waiting to get an item from the iterator.
-
     """
 
     def __init__(
@@ -24,6 +32,13 @@ class WatchdogAsyncIterator:
         manager: BaseTaskManager,
         timeout: float = 2.0,
     ):
+        """Initialize the watchdog async iterator.
+
+        Args:
+            async_iterable: The async iterable to wrap with watchdog monitoring.
+            manager: The task manager for watchdog timer control.
+            timeout: Timeout in seconds between watchdog resets while waiting.
+        """
         self._async_iterable = async_iterable
         self._manager = manager
         self._timeout = timeout
@@ -31,9 +46,22 @@ class WatchdogAsyncIterator:
         self._current_anext_task: Optional[asyncio.Task] = None
 
     def __aiter__(self):
+        """Return self as the async iterator.
+
+        Returns:
+            This iterator instance.
+        """
         return self
 
     async def __anext__(self):
+        """Get the next item from the iterator with watchdog monitoring.
+
+        Returns:
+            The next item from the wrapped async iterator.
+
+        Raises:
+            StopAsyncIteration: When the iterator is exhausted.
+        """
         if not self._iter:
             self._iter = await self._ensure_async_iterator(self._async_iterable)
 
@@ -43,6 +71,7 @@ class WatchdogAsyncIterator:
             return await self._iter.__anext__()
 
     async def _watchdog_anext(self):
+        """Get next item while periodically resetting watchdog timer."""
         while True:
             try:
                 if not self._current_anext_task:
@@ -67,6 +96,7 @@ class WatchdogAsyncIterator:
                 raise
 
     async def _ensure_async_iterator(self, obj) -> AsyncIterator:
+        """Ensure the object is an async iterator, awaiting if necessary."""
         aiter = obj.__aiter__()
         if asyncio.iscoroutine(aiter):
             aiter = await aiter