From be621fbc5cfe3b792299c03991777a2efe519868 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Mark Backman <mark@daily.co>
Date: Mon, 5 Jan 2026 15:34:19 -0500
Subject: [PATCH] Add timeout for handling user transcript messages

---
 changelog/3356.fixed.md                       |  1 +
 .../services/google/gemini_live/llm.py        | 56 ++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 56 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 changelog/3356.fixed.md

diff --git a/changelog/3356.fixed.md b/changelog/3356.fixed.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0532e742a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/changelog/3356.fixed.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+- Fixed an issue in GeminiLiveLLMService where TranscriptionFrames were occasionally not pushed.
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/google/gemini_live/llm.py b/src/pipecat/services/google/gemini_live/llm.py
index 6071da151..088aaeb98 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/google/gemini_live/llm.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/google/gemini_live/llm.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ Gemini Live API, supporting both text and audio modalities with
 voice transcription, streaming responses, and tool usage.
 """
 
+import asyncio
 import base64
 import io
 import time
@@ -696,6 +697,7 @@ class GeminiLiveLLMService(LLMService):
         self._bot_audio_buffer = bytearray()
         self._bot_text_buffer = ""
         self._llm_output_buffer = ""
+        self._transcription_timeout_task = None
 
         self._sample_rate = 24000
 
@@ -1278,6 +1280,9 @@ class GeminiLiveLLMService(LLMService):
             if self._connection_task:
                 await self.cancel_task(self._connection_task, timeout=1.0)
                 self._connection_task = None
+            if self._transcription_timeout_task:
+                await self.cancel_task(self._transcription_timeout_task)
+                self._transcription_timeout_task = None
             if self._session:
                 await self._session.close()
                 self._session = None
@@ -1564,12 +1569,49 @@ class GeminiLiveLLMService(LLMService):
         """Handle a transcription result with tracing."""
         pass
 
+    async def _transcription_timeout_handler(self):
+        """Handle timeout for user transcription buffer.
+
+        If no new transcription messages arrive within the timeout period,
+        flush any remaining text in the buffer as a complete sentence.
+        """
+        try:
+            # Wait for timeout period (0.5 seconds)
+            await asyncio.sleep(0.5)
+
+            # If we still have buffered text after timeout, flush it
+            if self._user_transcription_buffer:
+                logger.trace(
+                    f"[Transcription:user:timeout] Flushing buffer: [{self._user_transcription_buffer}]"
+                )
+                complete_sentence = self._user_transcription_buffer
+                self._user_transcription_buffer = ""
+
+                await self._handle_user_transcription(
+                    complete_sentence, True, self._settings["language"]
+                )
+                await self.push_frame(
+                    TranscriptionFrame(
+                        text=complete_sentence,
+                        user_id="",
+                        timestamp=time_now_iso8601(),
+                        result=None,
+                    ),
+                    FrameDirection.UPSTREAM,
+                )
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            # Task was cancelled because new transcription arrived. This is expected
+            # when back to back transcription messages arrive.
+            logger.trace("Transcription timeout task cancelled (new text arrived)")
+            raise
+
     async def _handle_msg_input_transcription(self, message: LiveServerMessage):
         """Handle the input transcription message.
 
         Gemini Live sends user transcriptions in either single words or multi-word
         phrases. As a result, we have to aggregate the input transcription. This handler
-        aggregates into sentences, splitting on the end of sentence markers.
+        aggregates into sentences, splitting on the end of sentence markers. If no
+        punctuation arrives within a timeout period, the buffer is flushed automatically.
         """
         if not message.server_content.input_transcription:
             return
@@ -1579,6 +1621,11 @@ class GeminiLiveLLMService(LLMService):
         if not text:
             return
 
+        # Cancel any existing timeout task since we received new text
+        if self._transcription_timeout_task:
+            await self.cancel_task(self._transcription_timeout_task)
+            self._transcription_timeout_task = None
+
         # Strip leading space from sentence starts if buffer is empty
         if text.startswith(" ") and not self._user_transcription_buffer:
             text = text.lstrip()
@@ -1612,6 +1659,13 @@ class GeminiLiveLLMService(LLMService):
                 FrameDirection.UPSTREAM,
             )
 
+        # If there's still text in the buffer (no end-of-sentence marker found),
+        # start a timeout task to flush it later
+        if self._user_transcription_buffer:
+            self._transcription_timeout_task = self.create_task(
+                self._transcription_timeout_handler()
+            )
+
     async def _handle_msg_output_transcription(self, message: LiveServerMessage):
         """Handle the output transcription message."""
         if not message.server_content.output_transcription: