From 421696e1c25d5b387e47b476f87d28889add7e06 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Paul Kompfner <paul@daily.co>
Date: Thu, 19 Feb 2026 11:28:29 -0500
Subject: [PATCH] Replace `Any` with specific types and add `| _NotGiven` to
 all `*Settings` field annotations across 49 service files

Every `*Settings` dataclass field whose default is `NOT_GIVEN` now carries `_NotGiven` in its type union so the type system accurately reflects the three-state semantics (real value, `None` where applicable, or not-yet-specified). Fields previously typed as bare `Any`, `str`, `float`, `bool`, `list`, `dict`, or `Optional[X]` are now narrowed to the specific type from the corresponding `InputParams` Pydantic model.
---
 src/pipecat/services/anthropic/llm.py         |  8 ++--
 src/pipecat/services/assemblyai/stt.py        |  6 ++-
 src/pipecat/services/asyncai/tts.py           |  8 ++--
 src/pipecat/services/aws/llm.py               |  8 ++--
 src/pipecat/services/aws/stt.py               | 12 ++---
 src/pipecat/services/aws/tts.py               | 12 ++---
 src/pipecat/services/azure/stt.py             |  6 +--
 src/pipecat/services/azure/tts.py             | 18 +++----
 src/pipecat/services/camb/tts.py              |  4 +-
 src/pipecat/services/cartesia/stt.py          |  4 +-
 src/pipecat/services/cartesia/tts.py          | 16 +++----
 src/pipecat/services/deepgram/stt.py          |  4 +-
 .../services/deepgram/stt_sagemaker.py        |  4 +-
 src/pipecat/services/deepgram/tts.py          |  4 +-
 src/pipecat/services/elevenlabs/stt.py        | 20 ++++----
 src/pipecat/services/elevenlabs/tts.py        | 38 ++++++++-------
 src/pipecat/services/fal/stt.py               |  8 ++--
 src/pipecat/services/fish/tts.py              | 16 +++----
 src/pipecat/services/gladia/stt.py            |  4 +-
 .../services/google/gemini_live/llm.py        | 20 ++++----
 src/pipecat/services/google/llm.py            |  6 ++-
 src/pipecat/services/google/stt.py            | 26 +++++-----
 src/pipecat/services/google/tts.py            | 40 +++++++++-------
 src/pipecat/services/gradium/stt.py           |  4 +-
 src/pipecat/services/gradium/tts.py           |  4 +-
 src/pipecat/services/groq/tts.py              |  8 ++--
 src/pipecat/services/hathora/stt.py           |  4 +-
 src/pipecat/services/hathora/tts.py           |  6 +--
 src/pipecat/services/inworld/tts.py           | 14 +++---
 src/pipecat/services/kokoro/tts.py            |  4 +-
 src/pipecat/services/lmnt/tts.py              |  4 +-
 src/pipecat/services/minimax/tts.py           | 26 +++++-----
 src/pipecat/services/neuphonic/tts.py         | 10 ++--
 src/pipecat/services/nvidia/stt.py            | 12 ++---
 src/pipecat/services/openai/base_llm.py       |  6 +--
 src/pipecat/services/openai/stt.py            |  4 +-
 src/pipecat/services/openai/tts.py            |  6 +--
 .../services/openai_realtime_beta/openai.py   |  8 ++--
 src/pipecat/services/playht/tts.py            | 12 ++---
 src/pipecat/services/resembleai/tts.py        |  8 ++--
 src/pipecat/services/rime/tts.py              | 36 +++++++-------
 src/pipecat/services/sarvam/stt.py            | 10 ++--
 src/pipecat/services/sarvam/tts.py            | 40 ++++++++--------
 src/pipecat/services/soniox/stt.py            |  4 +-
 src/pipecat/services/speechmatics/stt.py      | 48 ++++++++++---------
 src/pipecat/services/ultravox/llm.py          |  4 +-
 src/pipecat/services/whisper/base_stt.py      |  8 ++--
 src/pipecat/services/whisper/stt.py           | 14 +++---
 src/pipecat/services/xtts/tts.py              |  4 +-
 49 files changed, 314 insertions(+), 286 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/anthropic/llm.py b/src/pipecat/services/anthropic/llm.py
index 159b666d1..4416aa018 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/anthropic/llm.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/anthropic/llm.py
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ from pipecat.processors.aggregators.openai_llm_context import (
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
 from pipecat.services.llm_service import FunctionCallFromLLM, LLMService
 from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN as _NOT_GIVEN
-from pipecat.services.settings import LLMSettings, is_given
+from pipecat.services.settings import LLMSettings, _NotGiven, is_given
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_llm
 
 try:
@@ -79,8 +79,10 @@ class AnthropicLLMSettings(LLMSettings):
         thinking: Extended thinking configuration.
     """
 
-    enable_prompt_caching: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: _NOT_GIVEN)
-    thinking: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: _NOT_GIVEN)
+    enable_prompt_caching: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: _NOT_GIVEN)
+    thinking: "AnthropicLLMService.ThinkingConfig" | _NotGiven = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: _NOT_GIVEN
+    )
 
     @classmethod
     def from_mapping(cls, settings):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/assemblyai/stt.py b/src/pipecat/services/assemblyai/stt.py
index 23b7d149b..6a33b6a20 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/assemblyai/stt.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/assemblyai/stt.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     VADUserStoppedSpeakingFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.stt_latency import ASSEMBLYAI_TTFS_P99
 from pipecat.services.stt_service import WebsocketSTTService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language
@@ -64,7 +64,9 @@ class AssemblyAISTTSettings(STTSettings):
         connection_params: Connection configuration parameters.
     """
 
-    connection_params: AssemblyAIConnectionParams = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    connection_params: AssemblyAIConnectionParams | _NotGiven = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN
+    )
 
 
 class AssemblyAISTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/asyncai/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/asyncai/tts.py
index 489d7cbff..d01fd4396 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/asyncai/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/asyncai/tts.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import AudioContextTTSService, TTSService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_tts
@@ -84,9 +84,9 @@ class AsyncAITTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         output_sample_rate: Audio sample rate in Hz.
     """
 
-    output_container: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    output_encoding: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    output_sample_rate: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    output_container: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    output_encoding: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    output_sample_rate: int | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
     @classmethod
     def from_mapping(cls, settings: Mapping[str, Any]) -> "AsyncAITTSSettings":
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/aws/llm.py b/src/pipecat/services/aws/llm.py
index 3fca8e374..b39d518ec 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/aws/llm.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/aws/llm.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ from pipecat.processors.aggregators.openai_llm_context import (
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
 from pipecat.services.llm_service import LLMService
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, LLMSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, LLMSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_llm
 
 try:
@@ -80,8 +80,10 @@ class AWSBedrockLLMSettings(LLMSettings):
         additional_model_request_fields: Additional model-specific parameters.
     """
 
-    latency: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    additional_model_request_fields: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    latency: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    additional_model_request_fields: Dict[str, Any] | _NotGiven = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN
+    )
 
 
 @dataclass
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/aws/stt.py b/src/pipecat/services/aws/stt.py
index 21220e646..09552ecfc 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/aws/stt.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/aws/stt.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TranscriptionFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.services.aws.utils import build_event_message, decode_event, get_presigned_url
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.stt_latency import AWS_TRANSCRIBE_TTFS_P99
 from pipecat.services.stt_service import WebsocketSTTService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
@@ -57,11 +57,11 @@ class AWSTranscribeSTTSettings(STTSettings):
         enable_channel_identification: Whether to enable channel identification.
     """
 
-    sample_rate: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    media_encoding: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    number_of_channels: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    show_speaker_label: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    enable_channel_identification: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    sample_rate: int | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    media_encoding: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    number_of_channels: int | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    show_speaker_label: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    enable_channel_identification: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class AWSTranscribeSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/aws/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/aws/tts.py
index 47c524196..e223a1abc 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/aws/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/aws/tts.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStartedFrame,
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import TTSService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_tts
@@ -135,11 +135,11 @@ class AWSPollyTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         lexicon_names: List of pronunciation lexicons to apply.
     """
 
-    engine: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    pitch: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    rate: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    volume: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    lexicon_names: List[str] = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    engine: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    pitch: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    rate: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    volume: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    lexicon_names: List[str] | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class AWSPollyTTSService(TTSService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/azure/stt.py b/src/pipecat/services/azure/stt.py
index 18fc9b108..d161b3829 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/azure/stt.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/azure/stt.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TranscriptionFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.services.azure.common import language_to_azure_language
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.stt_latency import AZURE_TTFS_P99
 from pipecat.services.stt_service import STTService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language
@@ -59,8 +59,8 @@ class AzureSTTSettings(STTSettings):
         sample_rate: Audio sample rate in Hz.
     """
 
-    region: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    sample_rate: Optional[int] = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    region: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    sample_rate: int | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class AzureSTTService(STTService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/azure/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/azure/tts.py
index b72b33901..b69e60b69 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/azure/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/azure/tts.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
 from pipecat.services.azure.common import language_to_azure_language
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import TTSService, WordTTSService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_tts
@@ -82,14 +82,14 @@ class AzureTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         volume: Volume level (e.g., "+20%", "loud", "x-soft").
     """
 
-    emphasis: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    language: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    pitch: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    rate: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    role: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    style: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    style_degree: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    volume: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    emphasis: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    language: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    pitch: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    rate: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    role: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    style: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    style_degree: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    volume: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class AzureBaseTTSService:
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/camb/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/camb/tts.py
index 95b0ddd52..40dabd17e 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/camb/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/camb/tts.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStartedFrame,
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import TTSService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_tts
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class CambTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
             Ignored for other models. Max 1000 characters.
     """
 
-    user_instructions: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    user_instructions: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class CambTTSService(TTSService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/cartesia/stt.py b/src/pipecat/services/cartesia/stt.py
index 6629d05bb..e3270936b 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/cartesia/stt.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/cartesia/stt.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     VADUserStoppedSpeakingFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.stt_latency import CARTESIA_TTFS_P99
 from pipecat.services.stt_service import WebsocketSTTService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class CartesiaSTTSettings(STTSettings):
         encoding: Audio encoding format (e.g. ``"pcm_s16le"``).
     """
 
-    encoding: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    encoding: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class CartesiaLiveOptions:
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/cartesia/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/cartesia/tts.py
index 4e45f50aa..0d8936fdd 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/cartesia/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/cartesia/tts.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, is_given
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven, is_given
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import AudioContextWordTTSService, TTSService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
 from pipecat.utils.text.base_text_aggregator import BaseTextAggregator
@@ -209,13 +209,13 @@ class CartesiaTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
             custom pronunciations.
     """
 
-    output_container: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    output_encoding: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    output_sample_rate: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    speed: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    emotion: List[str] = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    generation_config: GenerationConfig = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    pronunciation_dict_id: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    output_container: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    output_encoding: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    output_sample_rate: int | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    speed: Literal["slow", "normal", "fast"] | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    emotion: List[str] | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    generation_config: GenerationConfig | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    pronunciation_dict_id: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
     @classmethod
     def from_mapping(cls, settings: Mapping[str, Any]) -> "CartesiaTTSSettings":
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/deepgram/stt.py b/src/pipecat/services/deepgram/stt.py
index f52932b2c..8d4a72fc3 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/deepgram/stt.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/deepgram/stt.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     VADUserStoppedSpeakingFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, is_given
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, _NotGiven, is_given
 from pipecat.services.stt_latency import DEEPGRAM_TTFS_P99
 from pipecat.services.stt_service import STTService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class DeepgramSTTSettings(STTSettings):
         live_options: Deepgram ``LiveOptions`` for detailed configuration.
     """
 
-    live_options: LiveOptions = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    live_options: LiveOptions | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class DeepgramSTTService(STTService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/deepgram/stt_sagemaker.py b/src/pipecat/services/deepgram/stt_sagemaker.py
index 870ded11f..3184bf7f8 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/deepgram/stt_sagemaker.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/deepgram/stt_sagemaker.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
 from pipecat.services.aws.sagemaker.bidi_client import SageMakerBidiClient
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, is_given
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, _NotGiven, is_given
 from pipecat.services.stt_latency import DEEPGRAM_SAGEMAKER_TTFS_P99
 from pipecat.services.stt_service import STTService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ class DeepgramSageMakerSTTSettings(STTSettings):
         live_options: Deepgram ``LiveOptions`` for detailed configuration.
     """
 
-    live_options: LiveOptions = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    live_options: LiveOptions | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class DeepgramSageMakerSTTService(STTService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/deepgram/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/deepgram/tts.py
index 7f4d78f13..3458a4529 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/deepgram/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/deepgram/tts.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import TTSService, WebsocketTTSService
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_tts
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class DeepgramTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         encoding: Audio encoding format (linear16, mulaw, alaw).
     """
 
-    encoding: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    encoding: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class DeepgramTTSService(WebsocketTTSService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/elevenlabs/stt.py b/src/pipecat/services/elevenlabs/stt.py
index e5b7b3843..c3e6b29e7 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/elevenlabs/stt.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/elevenlabs/stt.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     VADUserStoppedSpeakingFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.stt_latency import ELEVENLABS_REALTIME_TTFS_P99, ELEVENLABS_TTFS_P99
 from pipecat.services.stt_service import SegmentedSTTService, WebsocketSTTService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ class ElevenLabsSTTSettings(STTSettings):
         tag_audio_events: Whether to include audio event tags in transcription.
     """
 
-    tag_audio_events: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    tag_audio_events: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -205,14 +205,14 @@ class ElevenLabsRealtimeSTTSettings(STTSettings):
         include_language_detection: Whether to include language detection in transcripts.
     """
 
-    commit_strategy: CommitStrategy = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    vad_silence_threshold_secs: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    vad_threshold: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    min_speech_duration_ms: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    min_silence_duration_ms: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    include_timestamps: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    enable_logging: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    include_language_detection: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    commit_strategy: CommitStrategy | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    vad_silence_threshold_secs: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    vad_threshold: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    min_speech_duration_ms: int | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    min_silence_duration_ms: int | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    include_timestamps: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    enable_logging: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    include_language_detection: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class ElevenLabsSTTService(SegmentedSTTService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/elevenlabs/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/elevenlabs/tts.py
index fbde4a4b7..9503866a7 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/elevenlabs/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/elevenlabs/tts.py
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, is_given
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven, is_given
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import (
     AudioContextWordTTSService,
     WordTTSService,
@@ -206,15 +206,17 @@ class ElevenLabsTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         apply_text_normalization: Text normalization mode ("auto", "on", "off").
     """
 
-    stability: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    similarity_boost: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    style: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    use_speaker_boost: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    speed: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    auto_mode: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    enable_ssml_parsing: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    enable_logging: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    apply_text_normalization: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    stability: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    similarity_boost: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    style: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    use_speaker_boost: bool | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    speed: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    auto_mode: bool | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    enable_ssml_parsing: bool | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    enable_logging: bool | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    apply_text_normalization: Literal["auto", "on", "off"] | None | _NotGiven = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN
+    )
 
     #: Fields in the WS URL — changing any of these requires a reconnect.
     URL_FIELDS: ClassVar[frozenset[str]] = frozenset({"voice", "model", "language"})
@@ -242,13 +244,15 @@ class ElevenLabsHttpTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         apply_text_normalization: Text normalization mode ("auto", "on", "off").
     """
 
-    optimize_streaming_latency: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    stability: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    similarity_boost: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    style: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    use_speaker_boost: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    speed: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    apply_text_normalization: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    optimize_streaming_latency: int | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    stability: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    similarity_boost: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    style: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    use_speaker_boost: bool | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    speed: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    apply_text_normalization: Literal["auto", "on", "off"] | None | _NotGiven = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN
+    )
 
     _aliases: ClassVar[Dict[str, str]] = {"voice_id": "voice"}
 
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/fal/stt.py b/src/pipecat/services/fal/stt.py
index a29d8d70d..bcfc583c6 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/fal/stt.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/fal/stt.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from loguru import logger
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
 from pipecat.frames.frames import ErrorFrame, Frame, TranscriptionFrame
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.stt_latency import FAL_TTFS_P99
 from pipecat.services.stt_service import SegmentedSTTService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
@@ -159,9 +159,9 @@ class FalSTTSettings(STTSettings):
         version: Version of Wizper model to use. Defaults to '3'.
     """
 
-    task: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    chunk_level: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    version: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    task: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    chunk_level: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    version: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class FalSTTService(SegmentedSTTService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/fish/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/fish/tts.py
index 09ed72099..131495769 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/fish/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/fish/tts.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import InterruptibleTTSService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_tts
@@ -61,13 +61,13 @@ class FishAudioTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         reference_id: Reference ID of the voice model.
     """
 
-    fish_sample_rate: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    latency: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    format: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    normalize: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    prosody_speed: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    prosody_volume: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    reference_id: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    fish_sample_rate: int | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    latency: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    format: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    normalize: bool | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    prosody_speed: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    prosody_volume: int | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    reference_id: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
     _aliases: ClassVar[Dict[str, str]] = {"voice_id": "voice", "sample_rate": "fish_sample_rate"}
 
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/gladia/stt.py b/src/pipecat/services/gladia/stt.py
index 25922e7aa..c92d9469f 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/gladia/stt.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/gladia/stt.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     UserStoppedSpeakingFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.services.gladia.config import GladiaInputParams
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.stt_latency import GLADIA_TTFS_P99
 from pipecat.services.stt_service import WebsocketSTTService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ class GladiaSTTSettings(STTSettings):
         input_params: Gladia ``GladiaInputParams`` for detailed configuration.
     """
 
-    input_params: GladiaInputParams = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    input_params: GladiaInputParams | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class GladiaSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/google/gemini_live/llm.py b/src/pipecat/services/google/gemini_live/llm.py
index 3047e258d..00b540385 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/google/gemini_live/llm.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/google/gemini_live/llm.py
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ from pipecat.services.openai.llm import (
     OpenAIAssistantContextAggregator,
     OpenAIUserContextAggregator,
 )
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, LLMSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, LLMSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
 from pipecat.utils.string import match_endofsentence
 from pipecat.utils.time import time_now_iso8601
@@ -617,14 +617,16 @@ class GeminiLiveLLMSettings(LLMSettings):
         proactivity: Proactivity configuration.
     """
 
-    modalities: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    language: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    media_resolution: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    vad: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    context_window_compression: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    thinking: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    enable_affective_dialog: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    proactivity: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    modalities: GeminiModalities | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    language: Language | str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    media_resolution: GeminiMediaResolution | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    vad: GeminiVADParams | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    context_window_compression: ContextWindowCompressionParams | dict | _NotGiven = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN
+    )
+    thinking: ThinkingConfig | dict | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    enable_affective_dialog: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    proactivity: ProactivityConfig | dict | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class GeminiLiveLLMService(LLMService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/google/llm.py b/src/pipecat/services/google/llm.py
index bf1958f66..0a097b770 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/google/llm.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/google/llm.py
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ from pipecat.services.openai.llm import (
     OpenAIAssistantContextAggregator,
     OpenAIUserContextAggregator,
 )
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, LLMSettings, is_given
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, LLMSettings, _NotGiven, is_given
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_llm
 
 # Suppress gRPC fork warnings
@@ -681,7 +681,9 @@ class GoogleLLMSettings(LLMSettings):
         thinking: Thinking configuration.
     """
 
-    thinking: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    thinking: "GoogleLLMService.ThinkingConfig" | _NotGiven = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN
+    )
 
     @classmethod
     def from_mapping(cls, settings):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/google/stt.py b/src/pipecat/services/google/stt.py
index cdd583c8e..72d4f12b6 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/google/stt.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/google/stt.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     StartFrame,
     TranscriptionFrame,
 )
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.stt_latency import GOOGLE_TTFS_P99
 from pipecat.services.stt_service import STTService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
@@ -383,17 +383,19 @@ class GoogleSTTSettings(STTSettings):
         enable_voice_activity_events: Detect voice activity in audio.
     """
 
-    languages: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    language_codes: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    use_separate_recognition_per_channel: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    enable_automatic_punctuation: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    enable_spoken_punctuation: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    enable_spoken_emojis: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    profanity_filter: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    enable_word_time_offsets: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    enable_word_confidence: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    enable_interim_results: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    enable_voice_activity_events: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    languages: List[Language] | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    language_codes: List[str] | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    use_separate_recognition_per_channel: bool | _NotGiven = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN
+    )
+    enable_automatic_punctuation: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    enable_spoken_punctuation: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    enable_spoken_emojis: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    profanity_filter: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    enable_word_time_offsets: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    enable_word_confidence: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    enable_interim_results: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    enable_voice_activity_events: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class GoogleSTTService(STTService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/google/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/google/tts.py
index e47aa384a..60bed9c6d 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/google/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/google/tts.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_tts
 os.environ["GRPC_ENABLE_FORK_SUPPORT"] = "false"
 
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import Any, AsyncGenerator, List, Literal, Optional
+from typing import Any, AsyncGenerator, Dict, List, Literal, Optional
 
 from loguru import logger
 from pydantic import BaseModel
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStartedFrame,
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, is_given
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven, is_given
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import TTSService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
 
@@ -493,14 +493,20 @@ class GoogleHttpTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         google_style: Google-specific voice style.
     """
 
-    pitch: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    rate: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    speaking_rate: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    volume: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    emphasis: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    language: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    gender: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    google_style: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    pitch: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    rate: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    speaking_rate: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    volume: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    emphasis: Literal["strong", "moderate", "reduced", "none"] | None | _NotGiven = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN
+    )
+    language: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    gender: Literal["male", "female", "neutral"] | None | _NotGiven = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN
+    )
+    google_style: (
+        Literal["apologetic", "calm", "empathetic", "firm", "lively"] | None | _NotGiven
+    ) = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -512,8 +518,8 @@ class GoogleStreamTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         speaking_rate: The speaking rate, in the range [0.25, 2.0].
     """
 
-    language: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    speaking_rate: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    language: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    speaking_rate: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -527,10 +533,12 @@ class GeminiTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         speaker_configs: List of speaker configurations for multi-speaker mode.
     """
 
-    language: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    prompt: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    multi_speaker: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    speaker_configs: List[dict] = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    language: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    prompt: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    multi_speaker: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    speaker_configs: list[dict[str, Any]] | None | _NotGiven = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN
+    )
 
 
 class GoogleHttpTTSService(TTSService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/gradium/stt.py b/src/pipecat/services/gradium/stt.py
index 381f76884..1583fac3c 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/gradium/stt.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/gradium/stt.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     VADUserStoppedSpeakingFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, is_given
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, _NotGiven, is_given
 from pipecat.services.stt_latency import GRADIUM_TTFS_P99
 from pipecat.services.stt_service import WebsocketSTTService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class GradiumSTTSettings(STTSettings):
             generated. Higher delays allow more context but increase latency.
     """
 
-    delay_in_frames: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    delay_in_frames: int | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class GradiumSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/gradium/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/gradium/tts.py
index 3bffbb5bf..c41c77436 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/gradium/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/gradium/tts.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import InterruptibleWordTTSService
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_tts
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class GradiumTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         output_format: Audio output format.
     """
 
-    output_format: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    output_format: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class GradiumTTSService(InterruptibleWordTTSService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/groq/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/groq/tts.py
index e4c10f2e9..b3b4c5f57 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/groq/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/groq/tts.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStartedFrame,
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import TTSService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_tts
@@ -44,9 +44,9 @@ class GroqTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         groq_sample_rate: Audio sample rate.
     """
 
-    output_format: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    speed: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    groq_sample_rate: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    output_format: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    speed: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    groq_sample_rate: int | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
     _aliases: ClassVar[Dict[str, str]] = {"voice_id": "voice", "sample_rate": "groq_sample_rate"}
 
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/hathora/stt.py b/src/pipecat/services/hathora/stt.py
index a620ed79a..e77e382c0 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/hathora/stt.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/hathora/stt.py
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     Frame,
     TranscriptionFrame,
 )
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.stt_latency import HATHORA_TTFS_P99
 from pipecat.services.stt_service import SegmentedSTTService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class HathoraSTTSettings(STTSettings):
             what is supported.
     """
 
-    config: Optional[list] = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    config: list[ConfigOption] | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class HathoraSTTService(SegmentedSTTService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/hathora/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/hathora/tts.py
index f3524734a..e15dfcc54 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/hathora/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/hathora/tts.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStartedFrame,
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import TTSService
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_tts
 
@@ -58,8 +58,8 @@ class HathoraTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
             what is supported.
     """
 
-    speed: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    config: list = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    speed: float | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    config: list[ConfigOption] | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class HathoraTTSService(TTSService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/inworld/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/inworld/tts.py
index fea30f3a1..bdbbb82d7 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/inworld/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/inworld/tts.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import websockets
 from loguru import logger
 from pydantic import BaseModel
 
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, is_given
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven, is_given
 
 try:
     from websockets.asyncio.client import connect as websocket_connect
@@ -67,12 +67,12 @@ class InworldTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         apply_text_normalization: Whether to apply text normalization.
     """
 
-    audio_encoding: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    audio_sample_rate: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    speaking_rate: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    temperature: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    auto_mode: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    apply_text_normalization: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    audio_encoding: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    audio_sample_rate: int | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    speaking_rate: float | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    temperature: float | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    auto_mode: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    apply_text_normalization: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
     _aliases: ClassVar[Dict[str, str]] = {
         "voice_id": "voice",
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/kokoro/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/kokoro/tts.py
index b88511437..735145da7 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/kokoro/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/kokoro/tts.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStartedFrame,
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import TTSService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_tts
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ class KokoroTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         lang_code: Kokoro language code for synthesis.
     """
 
-    lang_code: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    lang_code: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class KokoroTTSService(TTSService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/lmnt/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/lmnt/tts.py
index 5b2adcaf4..94f4a1a9e 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/lmnt/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/lmnt/tts.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import InterruptibleTTSService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_tts
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ class LmntTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         format: Audio output format. Defaults to "raw".
     """
 
-    format: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    format: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class LmntTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/minimax/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/minimax/tts.py
index 6a107d950..290439704 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/minimax/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/minimax/tts.py
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStartedFrame,
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, is_given
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven, is_given
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import TTSService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_tts
@@ -107,18 +107,18 @@ class MiniMaxTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         language_boost: Language boost string for multilingual support.
     """
 
-    stream: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    speed: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    volume: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    pitch: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    emotion: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    text_normalization: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    latex_read: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    audio_bitrate: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    audio_format: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    audio_channel: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    audio_sample_rate: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    language_boost: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    stream: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    speed: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    volume: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    pitch: int | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    emotion: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    text_normalization: bool | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    latex_read: bool | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    audio_bitrate: int | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    audio_format: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    audio_channel: int | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    audio_sample_rate: int | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    language_boost: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
     _aliases: ClassVar[Dict[str, str]] = {"voice_id": "voice"}
 
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/neuphonic/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/neuphonic/tts.py
index 0797f9b1b..2e51297ab 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/neuphonic/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/neuphonic/tts.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import InterruptibleTTSService, TTSService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_tts
@@ -85,10 +85,10 @@ class NeuphonicTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         sampling_rate: Audio sample rate.
     """
 
-    lang_code: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    speed: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    encoding: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    sampling_rate: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    lang_code: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    speed: float | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    encoding: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    sampling_rate: int | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class NeuphonicTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/nvidia/stt.py b/src/pipecat/services/nvidia/stt.py
index 8e1babec7..a79119c34 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/nvidia/stt.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/nvidia/stt.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     StartFrame,
     TranscriptionFrame,
 )
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.stt_latency import NVIDIA_TTFS_P99
 from pipecat.services.stt_service import SegmentedSTTService, STTService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
@@ -110,11 +110,11 @@ class NvidiaSegmentedSTTSettings(STTSettings):
         boosted_lm_score: Score boost for specified words.
     """
 
-    profanity_filter: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    automatic_punctuation: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    verbatim_transcripts: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    boosted_lm_words: Optional[List[str]] = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    boosted_lm_score: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    profanity_filter: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    automatic_punctuation: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    verbatim_transcripts: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    boosted_lm_words: List[str] | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    boosted_lm_score: float | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class NvidiaSTTService(STTService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/openai/base_llm.py b/src/pipecat/services/openai/base_llm.py
index 13cbc07cb..5b624010f 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/openai/base_llm.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/openai/base_llm.py
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ from pipecat.processors.aggregators.openai_llm_context import (
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
 from pipecat.services.llm_service import FunctionCallFromLLM, LLMService
 from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN as _NOT_GIVEN
-from pipecat.services.settings import LLMSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import LLMSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_llm
 
 
@@ -56,8 +56,8 @@ class OpenAILLMSettings(LLMSettings):
         service_tier: Service tier to use (e.g., "auto", "flex", "priority").
     """
 
-    max_completion_tokens: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: _NOT_GIVEN)
-    service_tier: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: _NOT_GIVEN)
+    max_completion_tokens: int | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: _NOT_GIVEN)
+    service_tier: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: _NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class BaseOpenAILLMService(LLMService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/openai/stt.py b/src/pipecat/services/openai/stt.py
index 6daefd1da..82ad8c0f0 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/openai/stt.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/openai/stt.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     VADUserStoppedSpeakingFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, is_given
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, _NotGiven, is_given
 from pipecat.services.stt_latency import OPENAI_REALTIME_TTFS_P99, OPENAI_TTFS_P99
 from pipecat.services.stt_service import WebsocketSTTService
 from pipecat.services.whisper.base_stt import BaseWhisperSTTService, Transcription
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class OpenAIRealtimeSTTSettings(STTSettings):
         prompt: Optional prompt text to guide transcription style.
     """
 
-    prompt: Optional[str] = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    prompt: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class OpenAIRealtimeSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/openai/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/openai/tts.py
index f283a7912..2253e369a 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/openai/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/openai/tts.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStartedFrame,
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import TTSService
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_tts
 
@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ class OpenAITTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         speed: Voice speed control (0.25 to 4.0, default 1.0).
     """
 
-    instructions: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    speed: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    instructions: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    speed: float | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class OpenAITTSService(TTSService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/openai_realtime_beta/openai.py b/src/pipecat/services/openai_realtime_beta/openai.py
index b456ed0b8..ef40dcb15 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/openai_realtime_beta/openai.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/openai_realtime_beta/openai.py
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import json
 import time
 import warnings
 from dataclasses import dataclass, field
-from typing import Any, Optional
+from typing import Optional
 
 from loguru import logger
 
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ from pipecat.processors.aggregators.openai_llm_context import (
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
 from pipecat.services.llm_service import FunctionCallFromLLM, LLMService
 from pipecat.services.openai.llm import OpenAIContextAggregatorPair
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, LLMSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, LLMSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language
 from pipecat.utils.time import time_now_iso8601
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_openai_realtime, traced_stt
@@ -100,7 +100,9 @@ class OpenAIRealtimeBetaLLMSettings(LLMSettings):
         session_properties: OpenAI Realtime session configuration.
     """
 
-    session_properties: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    session_properties: events.SessionProperties | _NotGiven = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN
+    )
 
 
 class OpenAIRealtimeBetaLLMService(LLMService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/playht/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/playht/tts.py
index 1965c9ea3..b5c683fbe 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/playht/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/playht/tts.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, is_given
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven, is_given
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import InterruptibleTTSService, TTSService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_tts
@@ -111,11 +111,11 @@ class PlayHTTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         playht_sample_rate: Audio sample rate sent to the API.
     """
 
-    output_format: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    voice_engine: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    speed: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    seed: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    playht_sample_rate: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    output_format: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    voice_engine: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    speed: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    seed: int | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    playht_sample_rate: int | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class PlayHTTTSService(InterruptibleTTSService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/resembleai/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/resembleai/tts.py
index acba883e4..f2873a8a1 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/resembleai/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/resembleai/tts.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import AudioContextWordTTSService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language
 from pipecat.utils.text.base_text_aggregator import BaseTextAggregator
@@ -50,9 +50,9 @@ class ResembleAITTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         resemble_sample_rate: Audio sample rate sent to the API.
     """
 
-    precision: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    output_format: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    resemble_sample_rate: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    precision: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    output_format: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    resemble_sample_rate: int | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
     _aliases: ClassVar[Dict[str, str]] = {
         "voice_id": "voice",
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/rime/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/rime/tts.py
index d76eafbfa..87596cefd 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/rime/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/rime/tts.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, is_given
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven, is_given
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import (
     AudioContextWordTTSService,
     InterruptibleTTSService,
@@ -86,15 +86,15 @@ class RimeTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         inlineSpeedAlpha: Inline speed control markup.
     """
 
-    modelId: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    audioFormat: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    samplingRate: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    lang: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    speedAlpha: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    reduceLatency: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    pauseBetweenBrackets: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    phonemizeBetweenBrackets: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    inlineSpeedAlpha: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    modelId: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    audioFormat: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    samplingRate: int | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    lang: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    speedAlpha: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    reduceLatency: bool | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    pauseBetweenBrackets: bool | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    phonemizeBetweenBrackets: bool | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    inlineSpeedAlpha: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
     _aliases: ClassVar[Dict[str, str]] = {"speaker": "voice"}
 
@@ -114,14 +114,14 @@ class RimeNonJsonTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         top_p: Cumulative probability threshold (0.0-1.0).
     """
 
-    modelId: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    audioFormat: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    samplingRate: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    lang: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    segment: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    repetition_penalty: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    temperature: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    top_p: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    modelId: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    audioFormat: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    samplingRate: int | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    lang: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    segment: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    repetition_penalty: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    temperature: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    top_p: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
     _aliases: ClassVar[Dict[str, str]] = {"speaker": "voice"}
 
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/sarvam/stt.py b/src/pipecat/services/sarvam/stt.py
index 80e6d6ca2..aa6baef14 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/sarvam/stt.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/sarvam/stt.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
 from pipecat.services.sarvam._sdk import sdk_headers
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, is_given
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, _NotGiven, is_given
 from pipecat.services.stt_latency import SARVAM_TTFS_P99
 from pipecat.services.stt_service import STTService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
@@ -142,10 +142,10 @@ class SarvamSTTSettings(STTSettings):
         high_vad_sensitivity: Enable high VAD sensitivity.
     """
 
-    prompt: Optional[str] = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    mode: Optional[str] = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    vad_signals: Optional[bool] = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    high_vad_sensitivity: Optional[bool] = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    prompt: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    mode: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    vad_signals: bool | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    high_vad_sensitivity: bool | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class SarvamSTTService(STTService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/sarvam/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/sarvam/tts.py
index aff96f1dd..332643fc9 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/sarvam/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/sarvam/tts.py
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
 from pipecat.services.sarvam._sdk import sdk_headers
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, is_given
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven, is_given
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import InterruptibleTTSService, TTSService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_tts
@@ -266,13 +266,13 @@ class SarvamHttpTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         sample_rate: Audio sample rate.
     """
 
-    language: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    enable_preprocessing: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    pace: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    pitch: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    loudness: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    temperature: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    sarvam_sample_rate: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    language: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    enable_preprocessing: bool | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    pace: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    pitch: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    loudness: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    temperature: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    sarvam_sample_rate: int | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -305,18 +305,18 @@ class SarvamTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
             **Note:** Only supported for bulbul:v3-beta. Ignored for v2.
     """
 
-    target_language_code: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    speaker: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    speech_sample_rate: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    enable_preprocessing: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    min_buffer_size: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    max_chunk_length: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    output_audio_codec: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    output_audio_bitrate: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    pace: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    pitch: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    loudness: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    temperature: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    target_language_code: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    speaker: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    speech_sample_rate: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    enable_preprocessing: bool | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    min_buffer_size: int | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    max_chunk_length: int | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    output_audio_codec: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    output_audio_bitrate: str | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    pace: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    pitch: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    loudness: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    temperature: float | None | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class SarvamHttpTTSService(TTSService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/soniox/stt.py b/src/pipecat/services/soniox/stt.py
index 5c4b49cbe..1f34c061c 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/soniox/stt.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/soniox/stt.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     VADUserStoppedSpeakingFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, is_given
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, _NotGiven, is_given
 from pipecat.services.stt_latency import SONIOX_TTFS_P99
 from pipecat.services.stt_service import WebsocketSTTService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language
@@ -144,7 +144,7 @@ class SonioxSTTSettings(STTSettings):
         input_params: Soniox ``SonioxInputParams`` for detailed configuration.
     """
 
-    input_params: SonioxInputParams = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    input_params: SonioxInputParams | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class SonioxSTTService(WebsocketSTTService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/speechmatics/stt.py b/src/pipecat/services/speechmatics/stt.py
index 166e19d97..2e23765b2 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/speechmatics/stt.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/speechmatics/stt.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     VADUserStoppedSpeakingFrame,
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, is_given
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, _NotGiven, is_given
 from pipecat.services.stt_latency import SPEECHMATICS_TTFS_P99
 from pipecat.services.stt_service import STTService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
@@ -115,28 +115,30 @@ class SpeechmaticsSTTSettings(STTSettings):
         extra_params: Extra parameters for the STT engine.
     """
 
-    domain: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    turn_detection_mode: TurnDetectionMode = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    speaker_active_format: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    speaker_passive_format: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    focus_speakers: list = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    ignore_speakers: list = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    focus_mode: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    known_speakers: list = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    additional_vocab: list = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    audio_encoding: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    operating_point: Any = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    max_delay: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    end_of_utterance_silence_trigger: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    end_of_utterance_max_delay: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    punctuation_overrides: dict = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    include_partials: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    split_sentences: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    enable_diarization: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    speaker_sensitivity: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    max_speakers: int = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    prefer_current_speaker: bool = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    extra_params: dict = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    domain: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    turn_detection_mode: TurnDetectionMode | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    speaker_active_format: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    speaker_passive_format: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    focus_speakers: list[str] | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    ignore_speakers: list[str] | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    focus_mode: SpeakerFocusMode | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    known_speakers: list[SpeakerIdentifier] | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    additional_vocab: list[AdditionalVocabEntry] | _NotGiven = field(
+        default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN
+    )
+    audio_encoding: AudioEncoding | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    operating_point: OperatingPoint | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    max_delay: float | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    end_of_utterance_silence_trigger: float | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    end_of_utterance_max_delay: float | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    punctuation_overrides: dict[str, Any] | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    include_partials: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    split_sentences: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    enable_diarization: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    speaker_sensitivity: float | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    max_speakers: int | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    prefer_current_speaker: bool | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    extra_params: dict[str, Any] | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
     #: Fields that can be updated on a live connection via the Speechmatics
     #: diarization-config API — no reconnect needed.
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/ultravox/llm.py b/src/pipecat/services/ultravox/llm.py
index ef8baacb4..436653c7e 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/ultravox/llm.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/ultravox/llm.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ from pipecat.processors.aggregators.openai_llm_context import (
 )
 from pipecat.processors.frame_processor import FrameDirection
 from pipecat.services.llm_service import FunctionCallFromLLM, LLMService
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, LLMSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, LLMSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.utils.time import time_now_iso8601
 
 try:
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ class UltravoxRealtimeLLMSettings(LLMSettings):
         output_medium: The output medium for the model ("voice" or "text").
     """
 
-    output_medium: str = field(default=NOT_GIVEN)
+    output_medium: str | _NotGiven = field(default=NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class AgentInputParams(BaseModel):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/whisper/base_stt.py b/src/pipecat/services/whisper/base_stt.py
index d50c24eb2..74ca2d102 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/whisper/base_stt.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/whisper/base_stt.py
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ from openai import AsyncOpenAI
 from openai.types.audio import Transcription
 
 from pipecat.frames.frames import ErrorFrame, Frame, TranscriptionFrame
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.stt_latency import WHISPER_TTFS_P99
 from pipecat.services.stt_service import SegmentedSTTService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ class BaseWhisperSTTSettings(STTSettings):
         temperature: Sampling temperature between 0 and 1.
     """
 
-    base_url: Optional[str] = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    prompt: Optional[str] = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    temperature: Optional[float] = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    base_url: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    prompt: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    temperature: float | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 def language_to_whisper_language(language: Language) -> Optional[str]:
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/whisper/stt.py b/src/pipecat/services/whisper/stt.py
index d4efcb166..033d815d9 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/whisper/stt.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/whisper/stt.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ from loguru import logger
 from typing_extensions import TYPE_CHECKING, override
 
 from pipecat.frames.frames import ErrorFrame, Frame, TranscriptionFrame
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, STTSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.stt_service import SegmentedSTTService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
 from pipecat.utils.time import time_now_iso8601
@@ -184,9 +184,9 @@ class WhisperSTTSettings(STTSettings):
         no_speech_prob: Probability threshold for filtering non-speech segments.
     """
 
-    device: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    compute_type: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    no_speech_prob: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    device: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    compute_type: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    no_speech_prob: float | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 @dataclass
@@ -199,9 +199,9 @@ class WhisperMLXSTTSettings(STTSettings):
         engine: Whisper engine identifier.
     """
 
-    no_speech_prob: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    temperature: float = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
-    engine: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    no_speech_prob: float | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    temperature: float | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    engine: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class WhisperSTTService(SegmentedSTTService):
diff --git a/src/pipecat/services/xtts/tts.py b/src/pipecat/services/xtts/tts.py
index 3ba332138..65aa25e36 100644
--- a/src/pipecat/services/xtts/tts.py
+++ b/src/pipecat/services/xtts/tts.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ from pipecat.frames.frames import (
     TTSStartedFrame,
     TTSStoppedFrame,
 )
-from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings
+from pipecat.services.settings import NOT_GIVEN, TTSSettings, _NotGiven
 from pipecat.services.tts_service import TTSService
 from pipecat.transcriptions.language import Language, resolve_language
 from pipecat.utils.tracing.service_decorators import traced_tts
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ class XTTSTTSSettings(TTSSettings):
         base_url: Base URL of the XTTS streaming server.
     """
 
-    base_url: str = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
+    base_url: str | _NotGiven = field(default_factory=lambda: NOT_GIVEN)
 
 
 class XTTSService(TTSService):