diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 308654d..88c94e6 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 PSQL = docker compose exec -T postgres psql -U postgres -d postgres
 
 .DEFAULT_GOAL := help
-.PHONY: help up down restart logs api-logs db db-list db-seed db-seed-model-resources db-seed-assistants db-clear db-reset db-drop-schema db-reset-hard
+.PHONY: help up down restart logs api-logs db db-list db-up db-schema db-seed-interface-definitions db-init db-seed db-seed-model-resources db-seed-assistants db-clear db-reset db-drop-schema db-reset-hard
 
 help: ## 列出所有可用目标
 	@grep -E '^[a-zA-Z_-]+:.*?## .*$$' $(MAKEFILE_LIST) \
@@ -37,22 +37,31 @@ db-list: ## 列出模型资源与助手
 	@$(PSQL) -c "SELECT id, name, capability, interface_type, is_default FROM model_resources ORDER BY id;"
 	@$(PSQL) -c "SELECT id, name, type FROM assistants ORDER BY id;"
 
+db-up: ## 仅启动 postgres
+	docker compose up -d postgres
+
+db-schema: ## 用纯 SQL 建表/补齐开发库表结构
+	$(PSQL) < backend/db/schema.sql
+
+db-seed-interface-definitions: ## 灌入接口定义种子(幂等)
+	$(PSQL) < backend/db/seed_interface_definitions.sql
+
+db-init: db-schema db-seed-interface-definitions ## 用纯 SQL 建表并同步接口定义
+
 db-seed-model-resources: ## 灌入 12 条模型资源种子(幂等)
 	$(PSQL) < backend/db/seed_model_resources.sql
 
 db-seed-assistants: ## 灌入 知识库 + 助手 种子(幂等;依赖模型资源已就绪)
 	$(PSQL) < backend/db/seed_assistants.sql
 
-db-seed: db-seed-model-resources db-seed-assistants ## 全量灌种子(模型资源→知识库→助手,幂等,可重复执行)
+db-seed: db-init db-seed-model-resources db-seed-assistants ## 全量灌种子(接口定义→模型资源→知识库→助手,幂等,可重复执行)
 
 db-clear: ## 清空 助手/知识库/模型资源(按依赖顺序;表不存在时跳过)
 	@$(PSQL) -c "DO \$$\$$ BEGIN IF EXISTS (SELECT FROM pg_tables WHERE schemaname = 'public' AND tablename = 'model_resources') THEN TRUNCATE assistant_model_bindings, assistants, knowledge_bases, model_resources CASCADE; END IF; END \$$\$$;"
 
-db-reset: db-clear db-seed ## 清空后重新灌全部种子
+db-reset: db-up db-clear db-seed ## 启动库、建表/清空后重新灌全部种子
 
 db-drop-schema: ## 删除并重建 public schema(开发用:表结构变更后会清空全部数据)
 	@$(PSQL) -c "DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS public CASCADE; CREATE SCHEMA public;"
 
-db-reset-hard: db-drop-schema restart ## 重建 schema,重启 api 让 init_db 建表,再灌种子
-	sleep 3
-	$(MAKE) db-seed
+db-reset-hard: db-up db-drop-schema db-seed ## 启动库、重建 schema,建表,再灌种子
diff --git a/backend/db/schema.sql b/backend/db/schema.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..221a423
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/db/schema.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+-- Development schema bootstrap. Keep this in sync with backend/db/models.py.
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS interface_definitions (
+  interface_type VARCHAR(64) PRIMARY KEY,
+  name VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL,
+  capability VARCHAR(16) NOT NULL,
+  field_schema JSONB NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb,
+  enabled BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT TRUE,
+  version INTEGER NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,
+  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+  updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT now()
+);
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS model_resources (
+  id VARCHAR(40) PRIMARY KEY,
+  name VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
+  capability VARCHAR(16) NOT NULL,
+  interface_type VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL REFERENCES interface_definitions(interface_type) ON DELETE RESTRICT,
+  values JSONB NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb,
+  secrets JSONB NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb,
+  support_image_input BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT FALSE,
+  enabled BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT TRUE,
+  is_default BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT FALSE,
+  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+  updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT now()
+);
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS knowledge_bases (
+  id VARCHAR(40) PRIMARY KEY,
+  name VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL,
+  description VARCHAR(2048) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
+  embedding_model_resource_id VARCHAR(40) REFERENCES model_resources(id) ON DELETE SET NULL,
+  status VARCHAR(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'active',
+  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+  updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT now()
+);
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS assistants (
+  id VARCHAR(40) PRIMARY KEY,
+  name VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL,
+  type VARCHAR(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'prompt',
+  runtime_mode VARCHAR(16) NOT NULL DEFAULT 'pipeline',
+  greeting VARCHAR(2048) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
+  enable_interrupt BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT TRUE,
+  vision_enabled BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT FALSE,
+  vision_model_resource_id VARCHAR(40) REFERENCES model_resources(id) ON DELETE SET NULL,
+  knowledge_base_id VARCHAR(40) REFERENCES knowledge_bases(id) ON DELETE RESTRICT,
+  prompt VARCHAR(8192) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
+  api_url VARCHAR(512) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
+  api_key VARCHAR(512) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
+  app_id VARCHAR(128) NOT NULL DEFAULT '',
+  graph JSON NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}'::json,
+  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+  updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT now()
+);
+
+CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS assistant_model_bindings (
+  assistant_id VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL REFERENCES assistants(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+  capability VARCHAR(16) NOT NULL,
+  model_resource_id VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL REFERENCES model_resources(id) ON DELETE RESTRICT,
+  config JSONB NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}'::jsonb,
+  created_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+  updated_at TIMESTAMPTZ NOT NULL DEFAULT now(),
+  PRIMARY KEY (assistant_id, capability)
+);
+
+-- Lightweight forward-compatible patches for existing dev databases.
+ALTER TABLE interface_definitions
+  ALTER COLUMN field_schema TYPE JSONB USING field_schema::jsonb;
+
+ALTER TABLE assistants
+  ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS vision_enabled BOOLEAN NOT NULL DEFAULT FALSE,
+  ADD COLUMN IF NOT EXISTS vision_model_resource_id VARCHAR(40);
+
+DO $$
+BEGIN
+  IF NOT EXISTS (
+    SELECT 1 FROM pg_constraint WHERE conname = 'assistants_vision_model_resource_id_fkey'
+  ) THEN
+    ALTER TABLE assistants
+      ADD CONSTRAINT assistants_vision_model_resource_id_fkey
+      FOREIGN KEY (vision_model_resource_id) REFERENCES model_resources(id) ON DELETE SET NULL;
+  END IF;
+END $$;
+
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS ix_interface_definitions_capability ON interface_definitions(capability);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS ix_model_resources_capability ON model_resources(capability);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS ix_model_resources_interface_type ON model_resources(interface_type);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS ix_knowledge_bases_embedding_model_resource_id ON knowledge_bases(embedding_model_resource_id);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS ix_assistants_type ON assistants(type);
+CREATE INDEX IF NOT EXISTS ix_assistant_model_bindings_model_resource_id ON assistant_model_bindings(model_resource_id);
diff --git a/backend/db/seed_interface_definitions.sql b/backend/db/seed_interface_definitions.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..edd0af3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/db/seed_interface_definitions.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+-- Built-in interface definitions. Mirrors backend/services/interface_catalog.py.
+
+INSERT INTO interface_definitions
+  (interface_type, name, capability, field_schema, enabled, version)
+VALUES
+  ('openai-llm', 'OpenAI Compatible LLM', 'LLM',
+   $$ {"fields":[
+     {"key":"modelId","label":"Model ID","group":"values","type":"text","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiUrl","label":"API URL","group":"values","type":"url","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiKey","label":"API Key","group":"secrets","type":"password","required":true},
+     {"key":"temperature","label":"Temperature","group":"values","type":"number","required":false,"default":0.7}
+   ]} $$::jsonb, TRUE, 1),
+  ('openai-asr', 'OpenAI Compatible ASR', 'ASR',
+   $$ {"fields":[
+     {"key":"modelId","label":"Model ID","group":"values","type":"text","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiUrl","label":"API URL","group":"values","type":"url","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiKey","label":"API Key","group":"secrets","type":"password","required":true},
+     {"key":"language","label":"Language","group":"values","type":"text","required":false,"default":"zh"}
+   ]} $$::jsonb, TRUE, 1),
+  ('openai-tts', 'OpenAI Compatible TTS', 'TTS',
+   $$ {"fields":[
+     {"key":"modelId","label":"Model ID","group":"values","type":"text","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiUrl","label":"API URL","group":"values","type":"url","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiKey","label":"API Key","group":"secrets","type":"password","required":true},
+     {"key":"voice","label":"Voice","group":"values","type":"text","required":false},
+     {"key":"speed","label":"Speed","group":"values","type":"number","required":false,"default":1.0},
+     {"key":"sourceSampleRate","label":"Source Sample Rate","group":"values","type":"number","required":false,"default":24000}
+   ]} $$::jsonb, TRUE, 1),
+  ('openai-embedding', 'OpenAI Compatible Embedding', 'Embedding',
+   $$ {"fields":[
+     {"key":"modelId","label":"Model ID","group":"values","type":"text","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiUrl","label":"API URL","group":"values","type":"url","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiKey","label":"API Key","group":"secrets","type":"password","required":true},
+     {"key":"dimensions","label":"Dimensions","group":"values","type":"number","required":false}
+   ]} $$::jsonb, TRUE, 1),
+  ('openai-realtime', 'OpenAI Realtime', 'Realtime',
+   $$ {"fields":[
+     {"key":"modelId","label":"Model ID","group":"values","type":"text","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiUrl","label":"API URL","group":"values","type":"url","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiKey","label":"API Key","group":"secrets","type":"password","required":true},
+     {"key":"voice","label":"Voice","group":"values","type":"text","required":false}
+   ]} $$::jsonb, TRUE, 1),
+  ('stepfun-realtime', 'StepFun StepAudio Realtime', 'Realtime',
+   $$ {"fields":[
+     {"key":"modelId","label":"Model ID","group":"values","type":"text","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiUrl","label":"API URL","group":"values","type":"url","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiKey","label":"API Key","group":"secrets","type":"password","required":true},
+     {"key":"voice","label":"Voice","group":"values","type":"text","required":true,"default":"linjiajiejie"},
+     {"key":"inputSampleRate","label":"Input Sample Rate","group":"values","type":"number","required":false,"default":24000},
+     {"key":"outputSampleRate","label":"Output Sample Rate","group":"values","type":"number","required":false,"default":24000},
+     {"key":"prefixPaddingMs","label":"VAD Prefix Padding (ms)","group":"values","type":"number","required":false,"default":500},
+     {"key":"silenceDurationMs","label":"VAD Silence Duration (ms)","group":"values","type":"number","required":false,"default":300},
+     {"key":"energyAwakenessThreshold","label":"VAD Energy Threshold","group":"values","type":"number","required":false,"default":2500}
+   ]} $$::jsonb, TRUE, 1),
+  ('xfyun-asr', 'Xfyun Streaming ASR', 'ASR',
+   $$ {"fields":[
+     {"key":"apiUrl","label":"WebSocket URL","group":"values","type":"url","required":true},
+     {"key":"appId","label":"App ID","group":"secrets","type":"password","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiKey","label":"API Key","group":"secrets","type":"password","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiSecret","label":"API Secret","group":"secrets","type":"password","required":true},
+     {"key":"language","label":"Language","group":"values","type":"text","required":false,"default":"zh_cn"},
+     {"key":"domain","label":"Domain","group":"values","type":"text","required":false,"default":"iat"},
+     {"key":"accent","label":"Accent","group":"values","type":"text","required":false,"default":"mandarin"},
+     {"key":"dynamicCorrection","label":"Dynamic Correction","group":"values","type":"boolean","required":false,"default":false},
+     {"key":"frameSize","label":"Frame Size","group":"values","type":"number","required":false,"default":1280}
+   ]} $$::jsonb, TRUE, 1),
+  ('xfyun-tts', 'Xfyun TTS', 'TTS',
+   $$ {"fields":[
+     {"key":"apiUrl","label":"WebSocket URL","group":"values","type":"url","required":true},
+     {"key":"appId","label":"App ID","group":"secrets","type":"password","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiKey","label":"API Key","group":"secrets","type":"password","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiSecret","label":"API Secret","group":"secrets","type":"password","required":true},
+     {"key":"voice","label":"Voice","group":"values","type":"text","required":false},
+     {"key":"speed","label":"Speed","group":"values","type":"number","required":false,"default":50},
+     {"key":"volume","label":"Volume","group":"values","type":"number","required":false,"default":50},
+     {"key":"pitch","label":"Pitch","group":"values","type":"number","required":false,"default":50},
+     {"key":"sourceSampleRate","label":"Source Sample Rate","group":"values","type":"number","required":false,"default":16000}
+   ]} $$::jsonb, TRUE, 1),
+  ('xfyun-super-tts', 'Xfyun Super TTS', 'TTS',
+   $$ {"fields":[
+     {"key":"apiUrl","label":"WebSocket URL","group":"values","type":"url","required":true},
+     {"key":"appId","label":"App ID","group":"secrets","type":"password","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiKey","label":"API Key","group":"secrets","type":"password","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiSecret","label":"API Secret","group":"secrets","type":"password","required":true},
+     {"key":"voice","label":"Voice","group":"values","type":"text","required":false},
+     {"key":"speed","label":"Speed","group":"values","type":"number","required":false,"default":50},
+     {"key":"volume","label":"Volume","group":"values","type":"number","required":false,"default":50},
+     {"key":"pitch","label":"Pitch","group":"values","type":"number","required":false,"default":50},
+     {"key":"oralLevel","label":"Oral Level","group":"values","type":"text","required":false,"default":"mid"},
+     {"key":"sourceSampleRate","label":"Source Sample Rate","group":"values","type":"number","required":false,"default":24000},
+     {"key":"textAggregationMode","label":"Text Aggregation Mode","group":"values","type":"text","required":false,"default":"token"}
+   ]} $$::jsonb, TRUE, 1),
+  ('dashscope-asr', 'DashScope ASR', 'ASR',
+   $$ {"fields":[
+     {"key":"modelId","label":"Model ID","group":"values","type":"text","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiUrl","label":"API URL","group":"values","type":"url","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiKey","label":"API Key","group":"secrets","type":"password","required":true},
+     {"key":"language","label":"Language","group":"values","type":"text","required":false,"default":"zh"}
+   ]} $$::jsonb, TRUE, 1),
+  ('dashscope-tts', 'DashScope TTS', 'TTS',
+   $$ {"fields":[
+     {"key":"modelId","label":"Model ID","group":"values","type":"text","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiUrl","label":"API URL","group":"values","type":"url","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiKey","label":"API Key","group":"secrets","type":"password","required":true},
+     {"key":"voice","label":"Voice","group":"values","type":"text","required":false}
+   ]} $$::jsonb, TRUE, 1),
+  ('gemini-realtime', 'Gemini Realtime', 'Realtime',
+   $$ {"fields":[
+     {"key":"modelId","label":"Model ID","group":"values","type":"text","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiUrl","label":"API URL","group":"values","type":"url","required":true},
+     {"key":"apiKey","label":"API Key","group":"secrets","type":"password","required":true}
+   ]} $$::jsonb, TRUE, 1)
+ON CONFLICT (interface_type) DO UPDATE SET
+  name = EXCLUDED.name,
+  capability = EXCLUDED.capability,
+  field_schema = EXCLUDED.field_schema,
+  enabled = TRUE,
+  version = EXCLUDED.version,
+  updated_at = now();
diff --git a/backend/db/seed_model_resources.sql b/backend/db/seed_model_resources.sql
index e5c45ec..09dae28 100644
--- a/backend/db/seed_model_resources.sql
+++ b/backend/db/seed_model_resources.sql
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
--- 模型资源种子数据。依赖应用启动时写入 interface_definitions。
+-- 模型资源种子数据。依赖 seed_interface_definitions.sql。
 
 INSERT INTO model_resources
   (id, name, capability, interface_type, values, secrets, support_image_input, enabled, is_default)